Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or

morning glories Morning glory (also written as morning-glory) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genera, some of ...

, is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

vine A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselv ...

s, but also include

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s and

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal ...

s. The

tubers Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing s ...

of several species are edible, the best known of which is the

sweet potato The sweet potato or sweetpotato (''Ipomoea batatas'') is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the Convolvulus, bindweed or morning glory family (biology), family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a r ...

Description

Convolvulaceae can be recognized by their funnel-shaped, radially symmetrical corolla; the floral formula for the family has five

sepals A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

, five fused

petals Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usually ...

, five epipetalous

stamens The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

(stamens fused to the petals), and a two-part syncarpous and superior

gynoecium Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ''pistils'' ...

. The stems of these plants are usually winding, hence their Latin name (from ''convolvere'', "to wind"). The leaves are simple and alternate, without

stipule In botany, a stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides (sometimes on just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). Stipules are considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical flowering plant, although in many speci ...

s. In parasitic

Cuscuta ''Cuscuta'' (), commonly known as dodder or amarbel, is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red (rarely green) parasitic plants. Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, it now is accepted as belonging in the ...

(dodder) they are reduced to scales. The fruit can be a capsule, berry, or nut, all containing only two seeds per one

locule A locule (plural locules) or loculus (plural loculi) (meaning "little place" in Latin) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usu ...

(one

ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the fe ...

ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...

The leaves and starchy,

tuberous root Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing s ...

s of some species are used as

food Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is inge ...

stuffs (e.g.

and

water spinach ''Ipomoea aquatica'', widely known as water spinach, is a semi- aquatic, tropical plant grown as a vegetable for its tender shoots. ''I. aquatica'' is generally believed to have been first domesticated in Southeast Asia. It is widely cultivate ...

), and the seeds are exploited for their medicinal value as

purgative Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation. Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubri ...

s. Some species contain

ergoline Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a variety of alkaloids, referred to as ergoline derivatives or ergoline alkaloids. Ergoline alkaloids, one being ergine, were initially characterized in ergot. Some of thes ...

alkaloids Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar st ...

that are likely responsible for the use of these species as ingredients in psychedelic

drugs A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalat ...

(e.g. ololiuhqui). The presence of ergolines in some species of this family is due to infection by

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

related to the ergot fungi of the genus '' Claviceps''. A recent study of Convolvulaceae species, ''

Ipomoea asarifolia ''Ipomoea asarifolia'', the ginger-leaf morning-glory, is a species of plant in the family Convolvulaceae, of the genus ''Ipomoea ''Ipomoea'' () is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a larg ...

'', and its associated

showed the presence of a fungus, identified by

DNA sequencing DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

of 18s and ITS

ribosomal DNA Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a DNA sequence that codes for ribosomal RNA. These sequences regulate transcription initiation and amplification, and contain both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer segments. In the human genome there are 5 chromos ...

and

phylogenetic analysis In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

to be closely related to fungi in the family

Clavicipitaceae The Clavicipitaceae are a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera in the family, but recent work has increased this number to 97. Phylogeny Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data in ...

, was always associated with the presence of ergoline alkaloids in the plant. The identified fungus appears to be a seed-transmitted, obligate biotroph growing

epiphytic An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

ally on its host. This finding strongly suggests the unique presence of ergoline alkaloids in some species of the family Convolvulaceae is due to

symbiosis Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...

with clavicipitaceous fungi. Moreover, another group of compounds, loline alkaloids, commonly produced by some members of the clavicipitaceous fungi (genus ''

Neotyphodium ''Neotyphodium'' is a genus of endophytic fungi symbiotic with grasses. It used to contain a number of asexually reproducing species that colonize the leaves of cool-season grasses, but most of them, including the type species '' N. coenophial ...

''), has been identified in a convolvulaceous species, but the origin of the loline alkaloids in this species is unknown. Members of the family are well known as showy garden plants (e.g.

morning glory Morning glory (also written as morning-glory) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genera, some of ...

) and as troublesome weeds (e.g.

bindweed Bindweed may refer to: * Some species of Convolvulaceae (bindweed family or morning glory family): ** '' Calystegia'' (bindweed, false bindweed, morning glory), a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants ** ''Convolvulus'' (bindweed, morning ...

(mainly ''

Convolvulus ''Convolvulus'' is a genus of about 200 to 250''Convolvulus''.
Flora of China.

'' and ''

Calystegia ''Calystegia'' (bindweed, false bindweed, or morning glory) is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the bindweed family Convolvulaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and subtropical regions, but with half o ...

'') and

dodder ''Cuscuta'' (), commonly known as dodder or amarbel, is a genus of over 201 species of yellow, orange, or red (rarely green) parasitic plants. Formerly treated as the only genus in the family Cuscutaceae, it now is accepted as belonging in the ...

), while '' Humbertia madagascariensis'' is a medium-sized tree and ''

Ipomoea carnea ''Ipomoea carnea'', the pink morning glory, is a species of morning glory that grows as a bush. This flowering plant has heart-shaped leaves that are a rich green and long. It can be easily grown from seeds. These seeds are toxic and it can be h ...

'' is an erect shrub. Some parasitic members of this family are also used medicinally.

Genera

;Tribe Aniseieae *'' Aniseia'' Choisy *'' Odonellia'' K.R.Robertson *'' Tetralocularia'' O'Donell ;Tribe Cardiochlamyeae *'' Cardiochlamys'' Oliv. *'' Cordisepalum'' Verdc. *'' Dinetus'' Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet *''

Duperreya ''Duperreya'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. Its native range is Australia. Its genus name of ''Duperreya'' is in honour of Louis Isidore Duperrey Louis-Isidore Duperrey (21 October 1786 – 25 August 1 ...

'' Gaudich. *'' Poranopsis'' Roberty *'' Tridynamia'' Gagnep. ;Tribe Convolvuleae *''

'' R.Br. – Bindweed,

*''

Convolvulus ''Convolvulus'' is a genus of about 200 to 250''Convolvulus''.
Flora of China.

'' L. – bindweed, morning glory *'' Jacquemontia'' Choisy *'' Polymeria'' R.Br. ;Tribe Cresseae *'' Bonamia'' Thouars *'' Cladostigma'' Radlk. *'' Cressa'' L. *'' Evolvulus'' L. *'' Hildebrandtia'' Vatke *'' Seddera'' Hochst. *'' Stylisma'' Raf. *'' Wilsonia'' R. Br. ;Tribe Cuscuteae *''

'' L. – dodder ;Tribe Dichondreae *''

Dichondra ''Dichondra'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the Ipomoea, morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. They are prostrate, perennial plant, perennial, herbaceous plants, with creeping stems which take root readily at the leaf nodes. The flowers ...

'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. *'' Falkia'' Thunb. *'' Nephrophyllum'' A.Rich. *'' Petrogenia'' I.M.Johnst. ;Tribe Erycibeae *'' Erycibe'' Roxb. ;Tribe Humbertieae *''

Humbertia ''Humbertia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae (morning glory family). It only contains one species, ''Humbertia madagascariensis'' Lam. It is native to Madagascar. It is known in French as ; it is en ...

'' ;Tribe Ipomoeeae *''

Argyreia ''Argyreia'' is a genus of plants in the family Convolvulaceae. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Argyreia'': * '' Argyreia adpressa'' (Choisy) Boerl. * '' Argyreia akoensis '' S.Z.Yang, P.H.Chen & Staples * '' Argyr ...

'' Lour. –

Hawaiian baby woodrose ''Argyreia nervosa'' is a perennial climbing vine native to the Indian subcontinent and introduced to numerous areas worldwide, including Hawaii, Africa, and the Caribbean. Though it can be invasive, it is often prized for its aesthetic and med ...

*'' Astripomoea'' A.Meeuse *'' Blinkworthia'' Choisy *''

Ipomoea ''Ipomoea'' () is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large and diverse group, with common names including morning glory, water convolvulus or water spinach, sweet potato, bindweed, moonflo ...

'' L. –

*'' Lepistemon'' Blume *'' Lepistemonopsis'' Dammer *'' Paralepistemon'' Lejoly & Lisowski *'' Rivea'' Choisy *''

Stictocardia ''Stictocardia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Subtropical Old World to Pacific. Species: * ''Stictocardia beraviensis'' (Vatke) Hallier f. * ''Stictocardia cordatosepal ...

'' Hallier f. ;Tribe Maripeae *''

Dicranostyles ''Dicranostyles'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are prim ...

'' Benth. *'' Itzaea'' Standl. & Steyerm. *'' Lysiostyles'' Benth. *'' Maripa'' Aubl. ;Tribe Poraneae *'' Calycobolus'' Willd. ex Schult. *''

Dipteropeltis The family Argulidae, whose members are commonly known as carp lice or fish lice, are parasitic crustaceans in the class Ichthyostraca. It is the only family in the monotypic subclass Branchiura and the order Arguloida, although a second family, ...

'' Hallier f. *'' Metaporana'' N.E.Br. *'' Neuropeltis'' Wall. *''

Neuropeltopsis ''Neuropeltopsis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. The only species is ''Neuropeltopsis alba''. Its native range is Borneo. References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q9049652, from2=Q17399268 Convolvul ...

'' Ooststr. *'' Porana'' Burm.f. *'' Rapona'' Baill. ;''

Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' *'' Camonea'' Raf. *'' Daustinia'' Buril & Simões *'' Decalobanthus'' Ooststr. *'' Distimake'' Raf. *'' Hewittia'' Wight & Arn. *'' Hyalocystis'' Hallier f. *'' Keraunea'' Cheek & Sim.-Bianch. *''

Merremia ''Merremia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as woodroses. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Merremia'': *''Merremia aniseiifolia, ...

'' Dennst. ex Endl. – Hawaiian woodrose *''

Operculina ''Operculina'' is a genus of plants in the Convolvulaceae, morning-glory family which that are found throughout the world. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Operculina'': *''Operculina aequisepala'' (Domin) R. W. Johns ...

'' Silva Manso *'' Remirema'' Kerr *'' Xenostegia'' D.F.Austin & Staples

References

External links

Convolvulaceae Unlimited
Flowers in Israel {{Authority control Asterid families

Description

Genera

References

Further reading

External links