Convolutidae is a family of acoels. It contains more than a third of all known acoel species.Turbellarian taxonomic database
2006.

Description

The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally by circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers. Most species are symbionts with algae. The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but

protandry Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...

is common.

Taxonomy

Genera

There are 25 genera in the family Convolutidae.Nilsson, K.S., Wallberg, A., & Jondelius, U. (2011). "New species of Acoela from the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the South Pacific." ''Zootaxa'' 2867: 1-31. The type genus is ''Convoluta''. * ''

Achoerus ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''

Adenopea ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' Antonius, 1968 * ''

Amphiscolops ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *'' Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *'' Amphis ...

'' Graff, 1904 * ''

Antrosagittifera ''Antrosagittifera'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Sagittiferidae Convolutidae is a family of acoels. It contains more than a third of all known acoel species.

'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * ''

Brachypea ''Brachypea'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' Antonius, 1968 * ''

Conaperta ''Conaperta'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' Antonius, 1968 * '' Convoluta'' Ørsted, 1843 * '' Convolutriloba'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * ''

Haplodiscus ''Haplodiscus'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *'' Haplodiscus acuminatus'' *'' Haplodiscus bocki'' *'' Haplodiscus incola'' *'' Haplodiscus obtusus'' *'' Haplodiscus ovatus'' *'' Haplodiscus piger'' ...

'' Weldon, 1888 * ''

Heterochaerus ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to ov ...

'' Haswell, 1905 * ''

Neochildia ''Neochildia'' is a monotypic genus of a dark brown acoel belonging to the family Convolutidae. The only species is ''Neochildia fusca''. The nervous system is composed of an anterior compact brain organized as a layer of neural somata The ...

'' Bush, 1975 * '' Oligochoerus'' Beklemischev, 1963 * '' Oxyposthia'' Ivanov, 1952 * ''

Pelophila ''Pelophila'' is a genus of beetles in the ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are ...

'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Philachoerus'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Polychoerus'' Mark, 1892 * '' Praesagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * '' Pseudanaperus'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Pseudoconvoluta'' Beklemischev, 1929 * '' Sagittifera'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * '' Stomatricha'' Hooge, 2003 * ''

Symsagittifera ''Symsagittifera'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in West Europe and South Africa. Species: *'' Symsagittifera bifoveolata'' *'' Symsagittifera corsicae'' *'' Symsagittifera japo ...

'' Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990 * ''

Thalassoanaperus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to ...

'' Hernandez, 2018 * ''

Waminoa ''Waminoa'' is a genus of acoels which are epizoic on living corals, using the coral's mucus as a source of food. Unusually, these acoels harbor two genera of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: ''Symbiodinium'' and '' Amphidinium''; it is not typical ...

'' Winsor, 1990 * '' Wulguru'' Winsor, 1988

Species

There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae: * ''

Achoerus caspius ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''

Achoerus ferox ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: * ''Achoerus caspius ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical ...

'' Beklemischev, 1937 * ''

Achoerus pachycaudatus ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: * ''Achoerus caspius'' Beklemischev, 1914 * ''Achoerus ferox ''Achoerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: * ''Achoerus ca ...

'' Dörjes, 1968 * ''

Adenopea cenata ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over ...

'' (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955) * ''

Adenopea chuni ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Adenopea cenata ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical t ...

'' (Brauner, 1920) * ''

Adenopea illardata ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Adenopea cenata'' *''Adenopea chuni ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Adenopea cenata ''Adenopea'' is ...

'' Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911 * ''

Adenopea illardatus ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Adenopea cenata'' *''Adenopea chuni'' *''Adenopea illardata ''Adenopea'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Adenopea ...

'' (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911) * ''

Amphiscolops bermudensis ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *'' Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *'' Amphis ...

'' Hyman 1939 * ''

Amphiscolops castellonensis ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis ''Amphiscolo ...

'' Steinböck, 1954 * ''

Amphiscolops cinereus ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' (Graff, 1874) * ''

Amphiscolops evelinae ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Marcus 1947 * ''

Amphiscolops fuligineus ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Peebles 1913 * '' Amphiscolops gemelliporus'' Marcus 1954 * ''

Amphiscolops gerundensis ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Steinböck, 1954 * ''

Amphiscolops japonicus ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Kato 1947 * ''

Amphiscolops marinelliensis ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984 * ''

Amphiscolops mosaicus ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Kozloff 1998 * ''

Amphiscolops potocani ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' Achatz, 2008 * ''

Amphiscolops trifurcatus ''Amphiscolops'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in America. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Amphiscolops'': *''Amphiscolops bermudensis'' *''Amphisco ...

'' (Beltagi 1983) * '' Amphiscolops zeii'' Riedl 1956 * '' Antrosagittifera corallina'' Hooge & Tyler, 2001 * '' Brachypea kenoma'' Antonius 1968 * '' Conaperta antonii'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Conaperta cirrata'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Conaperta flavibacillum'' (Jensen, 1878) * '' Conaperta lineata'' (Peebles, 1915) * '' Convoluta albomaculata'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * '' Convoluta baltica'' Meixner, 1938 * '' Convoluta bimaculata'' Graff, 1882 * '' Convoluta bohmigi'' (Brauner, 1920) * '' Convoluta borealis'' Sabussow 1900 * '' Convoluta boyeri'' Bush 1984 * '' Convoluta chiridotae'' (Beklemischev, 1915) * '' Convoluta confusa'' Graff 1904 * ''

Convoluta convoluta ''Convoluta convoluta'', also known as the acoellous turbellarian flatworm, is a small acoel in the family Convolutidae. Native to the Baltic Sea, it invaded the Gulf of Maine in the late 1990s. Diet and symbiosis This flatworm consumes juveni ...

'' (Abildgaard, 1806) * '' Convoluta enelitta'' Antonius 1968 * '' Convoluta furugelmi'' Mamkaev, 1971 * '' Convoluta henseni'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Convoluta hipparchia'' Pereyaslawzewa 1892 * '' Convoluta kikaiensis'' Yamasu 1982 * '' Convoluta krana'' Antonius, 1968 * '' Convoluta lacazii'' Graff 1891 * '' Convoluta lacrimosa'' Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007 * '' Convoluta marginalis'' Ivanov 1952 * '' Convoluta maris-alba'' (Sabussow, 1899) * '' Convoluta marisalbi'' Sabussov, 1900 * '' Convoluta naviculae'' Yamasu 1982 * '' Convoluta niphoni'' Achatz, 2008 * '' Convoluta pelagica'' Lohner & Micoletzky 1911 * '' Convoluta philippinensis'' Bush 1984 * '' Convoluta punctata'' Riedl, 1959 * '' Convoluta pygopora'' Antonius 1968 * '' Convoluta schmidti'' Czerniavsky, 1881 * '' Convoluta schuelii'' Achatz, 2008 * '' Convoluta semperi'' Graff, 1882 * '' Convoluta sordida'' Graff 1882 * '' Convoluta thela'' (Antonius, 1968) * '' Convoluta uljanini'' Graff, 1904 * '' Convoluta variabilis'' (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892) * ''

Convolutriloba hastifera Convolutriloba is a genus of marine acoelomorph worms. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near ...

'' Winsor, 1990 * ''

Convolutriloba longifissura Convolutriloba is a genus of marine acoelomorph worms. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near ...

'' Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997 * ''

Convolutriloba macropyga Convolutriloba is a genus of marine acoelomorph worms. They possess shield shaped bodies with a rounded anterior and three caudal lobes, though the number may vary in mature individuals. They may have an indentation on each side of the body near ...

'' Shannon & Achatz, 2007 * ''

Convolutriloba retrogemma ''Convolutriloba retrogemma'' is a reddish-brown flatworm 2 mm in length also commonly known as redbug, red planaria, rust flatworm, or simply red flatworm. It is a marine flatworm that gets energy from its endosymbiotic algae or from the ...

'' Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988 * ''

Haplodiscus acuminatus ''Haplodiscus'' is a genus of acoels belonging to the family Convolutidae. Species: *''Haplodiscus acuminatus'' *''Haplodiscus bocki'' *''Haplodiscus incola'' *''Haplodiscus obtusus'' *''Haplodiscus ovatus'' *''Haplodiscus piger'' *''Hapl ...

'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus bocki'' Dörjes 1970 * '' Haplodiscus incola'' (Leiper, 1902) * '' Haplodiscus obtusus'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus ovatus'' Böhmig, 1895 * '' Haplodiscus piger'' Weldon 1888 * '' Haplodiscus ussovi'' Sabussow, 1896 * '' Haplodiscus weldoni'' Böhmig, 1895 * ''

Heterochaerus australis ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and Central America. Species: *'' Heterochaerus australis'' *'' Heterochaerus blumi'' *'' Heterochaerus carvalhoi'' ...

'' Haswell 1905 * ''

Heterochaerus blumi ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and Central America. Species: *''Heterochaerus australis ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the fa ...

'' (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007) * ''

Heterochaerus carvalhoi ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and Central America. Species: *''Heterochaerus australis'' *''Heterochaerus blumi ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of ...

'' (Marcus, 1952) * ''

Heterochaerus langerhansi ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and Central America. Species: *''Heterochaerus australis'' *''Heterochaerus blumi'' *''Heterochaerus carvalhoi '' ...

'' (Graff, 1882) * ''

Heterochaerus sargassi ''Heterochaerus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia and Central America. Species: *''Heterochaerus australis'' *''Heterochaerus blumi'' *''Heterochaerus carvalhoi'' * ...

'' (Hyman 1939) * '' Neochildia fusca'' Bush, 1975 * '' Oligochoerus bakuensis'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus chlorella'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus conops'' Beklemischev, 1963 * '' Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus limnophilus'' Ax & Doerjes 1966 * '' Oligochoerus melanops'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oligochoerus xanthella'' Beklemischev 1963 * '' Oxyposthia praedator'' Ivanov 1952 * ''

Pelophila lutheri ''Pelophila'' is a genus of beetles in the ground beetle family, containing the following species: *''Pelophila borealis'' (Paykull, 1790) *''Pelophila rudis ''Pelophila rudis'' is a species of black coloured ground beetle in Nebriinae subfa ...

'' (Westblad, 1946) * '' Philachoerus johanni'' Dörjes, 1968 * '' Praesagittifera gracilis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * '' Praesagittifera naikaiensis'' (Yamasu, 1982) * '' Praesagittifera shikoki'' Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990 * '' Sagittifera sagittifera'' (Ivanov, 1952) * '' Stomatricha hochbergi'' Hooge, 2003 * ''

Thalassoanaperus australis ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to ...

'' (Westblad, 1952) * ''

Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worm Worms are many different dis ...

'' (Boguta, 1970) * ''

Thalassoanaperus gardineri ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms ...

'' (Graff, 1911) * ''

Thalassoanaperus ornatus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' *''Thalassoanaperus gardineri ''Thala ...

'' (Beltagi, 2001) * ''

Thalassoanaperus rubellus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' *''Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' *''Tha ...

'' (Westblad, 1945) * ''

Thalassoanaperus singularis ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' *''Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' *''Tha ...

'' (Hooge & Smith, 2004) * ''

Thalassoanaperus sulcatus ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' *''Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' *''Tha ...

'' (Beklemischev, 1914) * ''

Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis ''Thalassoanaperus'' is a genus of worms belonging to the family Convolutidae. ?The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species: *''Thalassoanaperus australis'' *''Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus'' *''Thalassoanaperus gardineri'' *''Tha ...

'' (Luther, 1912) * ''

Waminoa brickneri ''Waminoa brickneri'' is a newly discovered acoel species from the coral reefs near Eilat (Red Sea) and the second described species in the genus (the first is '' Waminoa litus''). Characteristics ''Waminoa brickneri'' is discoid to obcordate ...

'' Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005 * ''

Waminoa litus ''Waminoa litus'' is a species of dinoflagellate-bearing acoels which are epizoic on living corals. This species is unique in that it transmits its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) vertically (from the parent host to the offspring) ...

'' Winsor 1990 * '' Wulguru cuspidata'' Winsor 1988

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q2996491, from2=Q2845420, from3=Q290482 Acoelomorphs