Conventum

The ''Conventum'' is a Latin text from around 1030 that narrates the relations between Duke William V of Aquitaine and Lord Hugh IV of Lusignan in the preceding twenty years. The exact nature of the text is a matter of scholarly disagreement. It has been seen as a record of a legal settlement and as a ''sui generis'' literary text presaging the ''chanson de geste''. It concerns Hugh's disputes over land and castles with various other barons of Aquitaine and William's failure to help him. The text is written from Hugh's point of view.

Transmission

Manuscripts

The ''Conventum'' is preserved in three manuscripts, none original.

In two manuscripts now in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, the ''Conventum'' is found alongside the ''Chronicle'' of Ademar of Chabannes. The earlier of these, Latin 5927, was probably made within two decades of the events described in the ''Conventum''. It was most likely copied from the original document at the abbey of Saint-Martial of Limoges. The ''Conventum'' occupies pages 266–280 and is 341 or 342 lines long. It was copied by a single scribe who used the ampersand ligature for the letter combination ''et'' even where it occurs within words.

The later Bibliothèque manuscript, Latin 9767, dates to the 15th century. Its contents are very similar to those of Latin 5927. The ''Conventum'' is found at folios 62v–66r. Jules Chavanon argued that it was copied directly from Latin 5927. It is more likely, however, that it was made from a defective copy of the ''Conventum'', since a large section is missing, perhaps corresponding to a missing folio in its exemplar. It is otherwise almost identical to Latin 5927

The third copy, made towards the end of the 11th century, is found at folios 89v–93r of the manuscript Latin F.v.IVN3 in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. It was probably copied from Latin 5927.

In addition to the three known copies, there is a "rewritten fragment" from the beginning of the ''Conventum'' in a 17th-century manuscript from Paris, now Collection Dupuy 822 in the Bibliothèque nationale. The scribe records that it came "out of an old codex", which may indicate a fourth copy once existed.

Editions

There have been five published editions of the ''Conventum''. The first was by Jean Besly for his ''Histoire des comtes de Poictou et ducs de Guyenne'', published at Paris in 1647. The second was by Philippe Labbe at Paris in 1657, based on Latin 5927. A third edition, based on the two earlier ones, was made by Martin Bouquet for the ' in 1767. The Besly and Bouquet editions are corrupt. A new edition based on Latin 5927 was made by Jane Martindale in 1969. The latest edition, with accompany French and English translations, was published in 1995. (Latin), 139–147 (French), 147–154 (English).

Date and authorship

The ''Conventum'' does not contain any dates. Internal evidence suggest that the events it records took place over a period of several years, perhaps as many as fifteen. All the identifiable individuals it mentions were active between about 1010 and 1030. More specifically, the central dispute can be placed between about 1022 and 1028. It began while Gislebert and Gerald I were still bishops of Poitiers and Limoges, respectively, and both bishops appear to have died in 1023. The dispute was resolved with the help of Count William II of Angoulême, who died in March 1028. The ''Conventum'' was probably composed around 1030, since it presents both the duke and Hugh as living, while the duke died in 1030 and Hugh in 1032.

The author of the ''Conventum'' is anonymous and unidentified. He does not seem to have been highly educated and shows no special interest in ecclesiastical affairs. It is still most likely that he was a cleric, probably a monk and a native of the region where the narrative is set. It is likely that nobody from that time and place but a cleric could demonstrate knowledge of Augustine of Hippo, Isidore of Seville and Jerome, as the author of the ''Conventum'' does. Sidney Painter suggests that he was a monk of . The quality of his Latin precludes his being identified with Ademar, whose ''Chronicle'' is transmitted alongside the ''Conventum'' in two manuscripts. The author probably worked in Angoulême.

Language and genre

The language of the ''Conventum'' is an unpolished Latin, heavily influenced by vernacular Romance. Although some idiosyncrasies of the surviving text may be owed to the scribes, the vernacular influence on spelling and the total inconsistency in the spelling of personal names is probably original. The spelling of names is representative of "spoken usage in the region", with, e.g., the form ''Ioszfreddus'' (Geoffrey) preferred over ''Goszfreddus'' (Godfrey).

The ''Conventum'' is unlike any other text from 11th-century France and its genre has been a matter of debate. It is untitled in all manuscripts. The full form of the title assigned it by Labbe is ''Conventio inter Willelmum ducem Aquitaniae et Hugonem chiliarchum'', revised by Martindale to ''Conventum inter Guillelmum comitem Aquitanorum et Hugonem chiliarchum''. The explicit of the text reads, in capitals, FINIUNT CONVENTI INTER COMITEM ET UGONEM, which led Jean Besly to entitle it ''Conventum inter comitem et Ugonem''. The simple conventional title, ''Conventum'', implies that it is a formal memorandum of settlement between William and Hugh. In her edition, Martindale called it "the unique surviving example from the early eleventh century of a written settlement between man and lord." It is similar to the formal '' convenientia'', but cannot be classified as one. It lacks the formal and authenticating elements of charters and is much longer than a typical ''convenientia''. The terms ''conventum'' and ''convenientia'' do, however, appear in the text.

The possibility that the ''Conventum'' is a piece of historiography is dismissed by George Beech on the grounds that it lacks dates and makes extensive use of direct speech. Over forty percent of the text is direct speech, which is highly unusual in historical writing of the period. Neither does the ''Conventum'' resemble hagiography. It is stylistically similar to the Vulgate Bible.

Synopsis

William is introduced as the "count of the Aquitanians". He is never called "duke", the title by which he is usually known today. Hugh is given the unusual title or nickname "chiliarch" (''chiliarcum''), meaning "leader of a thousand", which took to indicate that he was the count's commander-in-chief.

William promised Hugh that, on the death of the viscount Boso, he would enfeoff Hugh with Boso's fief ("give Boso's honor to Hugh in commendation"). On the death of Savaric, viscount of Thouars, who had occupied land Hugh held from William, the latter promised to restore it, but secretly gave it to Savaric's brother Ralph. Hugh then agreed to marry Ralph's daughter in exchange for land of equal or greater value, but William persuaded him to break this off. Instead, William offered Hugh the fief and widow of Joscelin of Parthenay. In the end, Hugh received nothing and entered into an open conflict with Ralph, suffering heavy losses.

When Ralph died, Hugh still did not get his usurped land, which William confirmed on Ralph's nephew, Geoffrey. Then, "for the misdeeds which Hugh did on the count's behalf," Geoffrey resumed his uncle's dispute and burnt the fortress of Mouzeil, capturing and maiming several of Hugh's men. More of Hugh's land was occupied and he in turn captured 43 horsemen of Thouars, which he refused to ransom even for 40,000 ''sous''. William, however, forced Hugh to turn the men over to him.

After the death of his uncle Joscelin, Hugh received the castle of Vivonne, to be held jointly with Bishop Ysembert, but in the end the count held back the best lands. William then ordered Hugh to do homage to a Bernard, count of La Marche, for the castle of Civray, which had been held by Hugh's father. Hugh assisted Bernard against the latter's vassal, Aimery of Rançon, who had seized the castle. Hugh suffered heavy losses in this war, but in the end William, who "began to build a fortress called Couhé. He helped William besieged and captured Malval

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