Convenience sampling (also known as grab sampling, accidental sampling, or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand. Convenience sampling is not often recommended by official statistical agencies for research due to the possibility of

sampling error In statistics, sampling errors are incurred when the statistical characteristics of a population are estimated from a subset, or sample, of that population. Since the sample does not include all members of the population, statistics of the sample ...

and lack of representation of the population. It can be useful in some situations, for example, where convenience sampling is the only possible option. A trade off exists between this method of quick sampling and accuracy. Collected samples may not represent the population of interest and can be a source of bias, with larger sample sizes reducing the chance of sampling error occurring.

Advantages

Convenience sampling can be used by almost anyone and has been around for generations. One of the reasons that it is most often used is due to the numerous advantages it provides. This method is extremely speedy, easy, readily available, and cost-effective, causing it to be an attractive option to most researchers.

Expedited data collection

When time is of the essence, many researchers turn to convenience sampling for

data collection Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a research com ...

, as they can swiftly gather data and begin their calculations. It is useful in time sensitive research because very little preparation is needed to use convenience sampling for data collection. It is also useful when researchers need to conduct pilot data collection in order to gain a quick understanding of certain trends or to develop

hypotheses A hypothesis (: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific method, scientific hypothesis must be based on observations and make a testable and reproducible prediction about reality, in a process beginning with an educ ...

for future research. By rapidly gathering information, researchers and scientists can isolate growing trends, or extrapolate generalized information from local public opinion.

Ease of research

Researchers who are not looking for accurate sampling, can simply collect their information and move on to other aspects of their study. This type of sampling can be done by simply creating a questionnaire and distributing it to their targeted group. Through this method, researchers can easily finish collecting their data in a matter of hours, free from worrying about whether it is an accurate representation of the

population Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...

. This allows for a great ease of research, letting researchers focus on analyzing the data rather than interviewing and carefully selecting participants.

Ready availability

Since most convenience sampling is collected with the populations on hand, the data is readily available for the researcher to collect. They do not typically have to travel great distances to collect the data, but simply pull from whatever environment is nearby. Having a sample group readily available is important for meeting quotas quickly, and allows for the researcher to even do multiple studies in an expeditious fashion.

Cost effectiveness

One of the most important aspects of convenience sampling is its cost-effectiveness. This method allows for funds to be distributed to other aspects of the project. Oftentimes this method of sampling is used to gain funding for a larger, more thorough research project. In this instance, funds are not yet available for a more complete survey, so a quick selection of the population will be used to demonstrate a need for the completed project.

Disadvantages

Even though convenience sampling can be easy to obtain, its disadvantages can outweigh this advantage. This sampling technique may be more appropriate for one type of study and less for another.

Bias

The results of the convenience sampling cannot be generalized to the target

because of the potential

bias Bias is a disproportionate weight ''in favor of'' or ''against'' an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individ ...

of the sampling technique due to the under-representation of subgroups in the sample in comparison to the

of interest. The

of the sample cannot be measured. Therefore, inferences based on convenience sampling should be made only about the sample itself.

Power

Convenience sampling is characterized with insufficient power to identify differences of population subgroups.

Measurement of the sampling error

Convenience sampling does not make possible the computation of a reliable estimate for the sampling error due to the natural variability in the population of interest. This is because the probability that an individual in the population will be sampled is unknown, as is the case for other non-probability sampling methods.

References

{{Reflist Sampling techniques