Contortae as a term has appeared in several senses in botanical

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

, most conspicuously as follows:

Order Contortae

Order Contortae is no longer recognised in botanical

. After a varied history in the nineteenth century, predominant opinion on the Contortae assigned several families to the order in the mid twentieth century, though never with unanimity. They typically included:{{cite book, author=Subhash Chandra Datta, title=Systematic Botany, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7lfMACvjs4C&pg=PA396, year=1988, publisher=New Age International, isbn=978-81-224-0013-7, pages=396– *

Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...

(now assigned to the

Gentianales Gentianales is an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid clade of eudicots. It comprises more than 20,000 species in about 1,200 genera in 5 families. More than 80% of the species in this order belong to the family Rubiaceae. Ma ...

) * Asclepiadaceae (now included in the Apocynaceae) *

Buddlejaceae Buddlejaceae is a family of flowering plants that is not currently recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, but as of 2016 it is being used by many botanists as one of several small families that divide the Lamiales. Phylogenetic reconstruc ...

(now assigned to the

Scrophulariales The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Big ...

) *

Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan. Characteri ...

(now assigned to the Gentianales) *

Loganiaceae The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from o ...

(now assigned to the Gentianales) *

Menyanthaceae Menyanthaceae is a family of aquatic and wetland plants in the order Asterales. There are approximately 60-70 species in six genera distributed worldwide. The simple or compound leaves arise alternately from a creeping rhizome. In the submers ...

(now assigned to the Asterales) *

Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales, It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Green. 2004. "Oleaceae". pages 296-30 ...

(now assigned to the

Lamiales The order Lamiales (also known as the mint order) are an order in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 23,810 species, 1,059 genera, and is divided into about 25 families. These families include Acanthaceae, Bi ...

) By the late twentieth century there were moves to withdraw recognition of the plant order Contortae, and merge it with the order

or Loganiales (which now is regarded as a synonym of Gentianales). For details of the reassignment of the families to orders, see the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disco ...

publicationAn update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, 181, Issue 1, May 2016, Pages 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385

Other occurrences of the term

''Contortae'' is a

section Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sign ...

of the

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

''Oenothera''. ''Contortae'' is a

in the family

Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in te ...

. ''Contortae'' is a subsection of the

''Pinus''.Nicholas C.Wheeler, Raymond P.Guries, David M.O'Malley. Biosystematics of the genus Pinus, subsection contortae. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(83)90033-9

References

Botany Taxonomy (biology)