''Contarinia'' is a genus of
midges, small
flies
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced m ...
in the
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Cecidomyiidae
Cecidomyiidae is a family of flies known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls. Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects us ...
.
Description
As cecidomids, adult ''Contarinia'' are flies with hairy wings and long
antennae. Males have antennal flagellomeres equally binodose, with each node surrounded by one circumfilum. The palpi are four-segmented. The tarsal claws of the legs are simple. The wing costal vein is interrupted after its union with the radius or third vein.
Ecology
Many species of ''Contarinia'' have herbivorous larvae that attack
inflorescences
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed ...
, fruits, or buds of plants.
They include a number of crop pests, such as ''C. nasturtii'' (attacks various parts of
cruciferous plants), ''C. citri'' (attacks flowers of
citrus
''Citrus'' is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. The genus ''Citrus'' is native to ...
), ''C. pisi'' (attacks flower buds of
legumes), ''C. caryafloralis'' (attacks inflorescences of
Chinese hickory) and ''C. pruniflorum'' (attacks flower buds of
stone fruits).
Two species of ''Contarinia'' are the main insects to visit inflorescences of ''
Artocarpus integer
''Artocarpus integer'', commonly known as chempedak or cempedak, is a species of tree in the family Moraceae in the same genus as breadfruit and jackfruit. It is native to Southeast Asia. Cempedak is an important crop in Malaysia and is also ...
'' (and possibly other plants). They are attracted by "a fruit-like, somewhat unpleasant smell" produced by the inflorescences. The adult midges feed on
mycelia
Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates ...
of ''
Choanephora
''Choanephora'' is a genus of Zygomycota
Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. Th ...
'' fungus (thus they are
fungivorous
Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and othe ...
, not herbivorous), which infects the male inflorescences, and females also
oviposit
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...
in male inflorescences. Midge larvae hatch from the eggs, develop while also feeding on the fungus, pupate and then emerge from male inflorescences. Female inflorescences are not infected by the fungus and so cannot be used by the midges to breed, but they still attract ''Contarinia'' midges. The midges are known to carry pollen, so they are believed to
pollinate
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, a ...
''A. integer'' - a pollination
mutualism mediated by a pathogenic fungus.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus ''Contarinia'':
* ''
Contarinia acerplicans''
(Kieffer, 1889)
* ''
Contarinia acetosellae''
(Rübsaamen, 1891)
* ''
Contarinia achilleae''
Fedotova 1992
* ''
Contarinia aconitifloris''
Stelter, 1962
* ''
Contarinia acrocecis''
Stelter, 1962
* ''
Contarinia acuta''
Gagne, 1984
* ''
Contarinia aequalis''
Kieffer, 1898
* ''
Contarinia agrimoniae''
Felt, 1907
* ''
Contarinia ajaguzensis''
Fedotova, 1995
* ''
Contarinia albotarsa''
(Felt, 1907)
* ''
Contarinia allii''
Fedotova 1995
* ''
Contarinia alloteropsidis''
Harris 1979
* ''
Contarinia amenti''
(Kieffer, 1909)
* ''
Contarinia ampelophila''
Felt, 1907
* ''
Contarinia angreni''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia anthobia''
(Löw, 1877)
* ''
Contarinia anthonoma''
(Kieffer, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia anthophthora''
(Löw, 1880)
* ''
Contarinia aprilina''
Kieffer, 1901
* ''
Contarinia arrhenatheri''
Kieffer, 1901
* ''
Contarinia artemisiae''
Rübsaamen, 1917
* ''
Contarinia asclepiadis''
Giraud, 1863
* ''
Contarinia asperae''
Siddiqui, Najam & Deshpande, 2010
* ''
Contarinia asperulae''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia astragalicarpa''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia atraphaxiflorae''
Fedotova, 1988
* ''
Contarinia avenae''
Kieffer, 1901
* ''
Contarinia baeri''
(Prell, 1931)
* ''
Contarinia baggendorfi''
Stelter, 1982
* ''
Contarinia bajankolica''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia ballotae''
Kieffer, 1898
* ''
Contarinia balsamifera''
Felt, 1907
* ''
Contarinia barbichei''
(Kieffer, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia berulae''
Fedotova, 1992
* ''
Contarinia beskokotovi''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia betulicola''
(Kieffer, 1889)
* ''
Contarinia bitensis''
(Kieffer, 1909)
* ''
Contarinia bivalviae''
(Rao, 1952)
* ''
Contarinia bothriochloae''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia brassicola''
Sinclair, 2019
* ''
Contarinia brizae''
Kieffer, 1896
* ''
Contarinia bulliformis''
Gagné, 2008
* ''
Contarinia bursariae''
Kolesik, 1995
* ''
Contarinia calophacae''
Fedotova 1989
* ''
Contarinia campanulae''
(Kieffer, 1895)
* ''
Contarinia camphorosmae''
(Tavares, 1920)
* ''
Contarinia canadensis''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia capparis''
Fedotova, 1983
* ''
Contarinia caraganae''
(Fedotova, 1990)
* ''
Contarinia caraganicola''
Marikovskij, 1955
* ''
Contarinia cardariae''
Fedotova, 1994
* ''
Contarinia carolinae''
Gagné, 1993
* ''
Contarinia carpini''
Kieffer, 1897
* ''
Contarinia catalpae''
(Comstock, 1881)
* ''
Contarinia caryafloralis''
Jiao, Bu & Kolesik, 2018
* ''
Contarinia caudata''
Felt, 1920
* ''
Contarinia cerasiserotinae''
(Osten Sacken, 1871)
* ''
Contarinia cerriperda''
Skuhravá, 1991
* ''
Contarinia chrysanthemi''
(Kieffer, 1895)
* ''
Contarinia citri''
Barnes, 1944
* ''
Contarinia citrina''
(Osten Sacken, 1878)
* ''
Contarinia clarkei''
(Felt, 1908)
* ''
Contarinia clematidis''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia cockerelli''
(Felt, 1918)
* ''
Contarinia coffeae''
Harris, 1970
* ''
Contarinia coloradensis''
Felt, 1912
* ''
Contarinia constricta''
Condrashoff, 1961
* ''
Contarinia convallaria''
Rübsaamen, 1925
* ''
Contarinia convolvulicola''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia convolvuliflora''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia coronillae''
Jane, 1978
* ''
Contarinia coryli''
(Kaltenbach, 1859)
* ''
Contarinia cotini''
Kieffer, 1901
* ''
Contarinia craccae''
(Loew, 1850)
* ''
Contarinia crispans''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia cucubali''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia cucumata''
Gagné, 2008
* ''
Contarinia cuniculator''
Condrashoff, 1961
* ''
Contarinia cybelae''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia czalikovae''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia dactylidis''
(Loew, 1851)
* ''
Contarinia dalbergiae''
Mani, 1943
* ''
Contarinia desertophila''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia desertorum''
Marikovskij, 1961
* ''
Contarinia dichanthii''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia dichanthiumae''
Siddiqui, Najam & Deshpande, 2010
* ''
Contarinia digitata''
(Loew, 1850)
* ''
Contarinia dipsacearum''
Rübsaamen, 1921
* ''
Contarinia divaricata''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia echii''
(Kieffer, 1895)
* ''
Contarinia elaeagniflorae''
Fedotova, 1988
* ''
Contarinia enceliae''
(Felt, 1916)
* ''
Contarinia erigeronis''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia erucastris''
Fedotova, 1994
* ''
Contarinia excavationis''
(Felt, 1908)
* ''
Contarinia fagi''
Rübsaamen, 1921
* ''
Contarinia festucae''
Jones, 1940
* ''
Contarinia fimbristylidis''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia fitchii''
Felt, 1912
* ''
Contarinia flavolinea''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia floricola''
(Oettingen, 1927)
* ''
Contarinia floriperda''
Rübsaamen, 1917
* ''
Contarinia florum''
Rübsaamen, 1917
* ''
Contarinia forskalei''
Debski, 1918
* ''
Contarinia galatellae''
Fedotova, 2003
* ''
Contarinia galeobdolontis''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia galii''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia gei''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia gemmae''
Maia, 2003
* ''
Contarinia geonomae''
Gagné, 2018
* ''
Contarinia glycyrrhizae''
Fedotova, 1983
* ''
Contarinia goebeliae''
Fedotova, 1987
* ''
Contarinia gossypii''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia halimodendronis''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia hedysari''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia heptapotamica''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia heraclei''
(Rübsaamen, 1889)
* ''
Contarinia hongoi''
Gagné, 1993
* ''
Contarinia hudsonici''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia humuli''
(Theobald, 1909)
* ''
Contarinia hydrangeae''
Shinji 1939
* ''
Contarinia hyperici''
Barnes, 1952
* ''
Contarinia hypochoeridis''
(Rübsaamen, 1891)
* ''
Contarinia ilicis''
Kieffer, 1898
* ''
Contarinia inouyei''
Mani, 1954
* ''
Contarinia inquilina''
Rübsaamen, 1917
* ''
Contarinia intrans''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia inulicola''
Stelter, 1965
* ''
Contarinia ishkovi''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia istriana''
Janežič, 1980
* ''
Contarinia jaapi''
Rübsaamen, 1914
* ''
Contarinia jacobaeae''
(Loew, 1850)
* ''
Contarinia johnsoni''
Felt, 1909
* ''
Contarinia jongi''
Kolesik, 2017
* ''
Contarinia juniperina''
Felt, 1939
* ''
Contarinia juniperiramea''
Fedotova, 1985
* ''
Contarinia kanervoi''
Barnes, 1958
* ''
Contarinia karataliensis''
Fedotova, 1994
* ''
Contarinia karatavica''
Fedotova, 1994
* ''
Contarinia kiefferi''
(Schlechtendahl, 1891)
* ''
Contarinia kochiae''
Fedotova, 1998
* ''
Contarinia kurenzovi''
Kovalev, 1972
* ''
Contarinia lamii''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia lamiicola''
Rübsaamen, 1915
* ''
Contarinia lathyri''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia lentis''
Aczel
* ''
Contarinia lepidii''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia lespedezifolia''
Kovalev, 1972
* ''
Contarinia liliacea''
Wahlgren, 1957
* ''
Contarinia lilii''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia limonii''
Fedotova, 1992
* ''
Contarinia lini''
Simova & Skuhravá, 2007
* ''
Contarinia lolii''
Metcalfe, 1933
* ''
Contarinia lonicerae''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia lonicerearum''
(Löw, 1877)
* ''
Contarinia loti''
(De Geer, 1776)
* ''
Contarinia luteola''
Tavares, 1902
* ''
Contarinia lycii''
Debski, 1918
* ''
Contarinia lyciicola''
Fedotova, 1983
* ''
Contarinia lycopersici''
Felt, 1911
* ''
Contarinia lysimachiae''
(Rübsaamen, 1893)
* ''
Contarinia maculipennis''
Felt, 1933
* ''
Contarinia maculosa''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia majanthemi''
(Rübsaamen, 1925)
* ''
Contarinia mali''
Barnes, 1939
* ''
Contarinia manii''
Harris, 2010
* ''
Contarinia marchali''
Kieffer Kieffer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aldine Silliman Kieffer (1840–1904), American music writer
* Charles Kieffer (1910–75), American athlete
* Eduardo Gudiño Kieffer (1935–2002), Argentine writer
* Guy-And ...
, 1896
* ''
Contarinia martagonis''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia matusintome''
Haraguti & Monzen, 1955
* ''
Contarinia medicaginis''
Kieffer, 1895
* ''
Contarinia melaleucae''
Kolesik, 2017
* ''
Contarinia melanocera''
Kieffer, 1904
* ''
Contarinia melissitis''
Fedotova, 1992
* ''
Contarinia merceri''
Barnes, 1930
* ''
Contarinia meristotropea''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia minima''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia molluginis''
Rübsaamen, 1889
* ''
Contarinia montana''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia morindae''
Grover, 1966
* ''
Contarinia moringae''
Mani, 1936
* ''
Contarinia mucidus''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia nasturtii''
(Kieffer, 1888) –
swede midge
* ''
Contarinia negundinis''
(Gillette, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia nicolayi''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia nitensis''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia nitrariae''
Fedotova, 1988
* ''
Contarinia nitrariagemmae''
Fedotova, 1988
* ''
Contarinia nubilipennis''
(Kieffer, 1889)
* ''
Contarinia obesa''
Felt, 1918
* ''
Contarinia okadai''
(Miyoshi, 1926)
* ''
Contarinia onobrychidis''
Kieffer, 1895
* ''
Contarinia ononidis''
Kieffer, 1899
* ''
Contarinia opuntiae''
(Felt, 1910)
* ''
Contarinia oregonensis''
Foote, 1956
* ''
Contarinia orientalis''
(Rao & Sharma, 1977)
* ''
Contarinia ovipositosclera''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia oxytropeocarpi''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia oxytropiflora''
Fedotova, 1984
* ''
Contarinia partheniicola''
(Cockerell, 1900)
* ''
Contarinia passlowi''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia pastinacae''
(Rübsaamen, 1892)
* ''
Contarinia pentaphylloidifolia''
Fedotova 1990
* ''
Contarinia perfoliata''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia peritomatis''
(Cockerell, 1913)
* ''
Contarinia perplicata''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia petioli''
(Kieffer, 1898)
* ''
Contarinia phellodendrobia''
Kovalev, 1972
* ''
Contarinia phytolaccae''
Plakidas, 2016
* ''
Contarinia picridis''
(Kieffer, 1894)
* ''
Contarinia pilosellae''
Kieffer, 1896
* ''
Contarinia pimpinellae''
Tavares, 1902
* ''
Contarinia piri''
Tavares, 1922
* ''
Contarinia pisi''
(Loew, 1850) –
pea
The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the flowering plant species ''Pisum sativum''. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and d ...
midge
* ''
Contarinia plicata''
Gagné, 1993
* ''
Contarinia plumosi''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia polygonati''
Rübsaamen, 1921
* ''
Contarinia populi''
(Rübsaamen, 1917)
* ''
Contarinia pratula''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia pravdini''
Becknazarova & Mamaeva, 1981
* ''
Contarinia prolixa''
Gagné & Byers, 1985
* ''
Contarinia prosopidis''
(Mani, 1938)
* ''
Contarinia pruniflorum''
Coutin & Rambier, 1955
* ''
Contarinia psammophila''
Marikovskij, 1975
* ''
Contarinia pseudotsugae''
Condrashoff, 1961
* ''
Contarinia pulcherrima''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia pulchripes''
(Kieffer, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia pyrivora''
(Riley, 1886)
* ''
Contarinia quercicola''
(Rübsaamen, 1899)
* ''
Contarinia quercina''
(Rübsaamen, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia quinquenotata''
(Löw, 1888) –
daylily
A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...
gall midge
* ''
Contarinia racemi''
(Stebbins, 1910)
* ''
Contarinia ramachandrani''
(Mani, 1953)
* ''
Contarinia ramicola''
(Rudow, 1875)
* ''
Contarinia reaumuriae''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia rhamni''
Rübsaamen, 1892
* ''
Contarinia ribis''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia roperi''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia rosaecarpae''
Fedotova, 1992
* ''
Contarinia rubicola''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia rubsaameni''
(Kieffer, 1894)
* ''
Contarinia rudbeckiae''
Plakidas, 2016
* ''
Contarinia rumicina''
(Tavares, 1919)
* ''
Contarinia rumicis''
(Loew, 1850)
* ''
Contarinia salatica''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia salicola''
Shinji, 1939
* ''
Contarinia sambuci''
(Kaltenbach, 1873)
* ''
Contarinia sambucifoliae''
Felt, 1907
* ''
Contarinia saussureaflora''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia scabiosae''
Kieffer, 1898
* ''
Contarinia schlechtendaliana''
(Rübsaamen, 1893)
* ''
Contarinia schulzi''
Gagné, 1972
* ''
Contarinia scirpi''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia scoparii''
(Rübsaamen, 1889)
* ''
Contarinia scrophulariae''
Kieffer, 1896
* ''
Contarinia scutati''
Rübsaamen, 1910
* ''
Contarinia sehimae''
Harris, 1979
* ''
Contarinia selevini''
Fedotova, 1984
* ''
Contarinia sennicola''
Kolesik, 2000
* ''
Contarinia sesami''
Grover & Bakhshi, 1978
* ''
Contarinia setigera''
(Lintner, 1897)
* ''
Contarinia shelahovi''
Kolomoets, 1986
* ''
Contarinia shevtshenkoi''
Fedotova, 1991
* ''
Contarinia silenei''
Tavares, 1916
* ''
Contarinia silvestris''
Kieffer, 1897
* ''
Contarinia solani''
(Rübsaamen, 1892)
* ''
Contarinia soongarica''
Fedotova, 1994
* ''
Contarinia sorbariaflora''
Fedotova, 2004
* ''
Contarinia sorbi''
(Kieffer, 1894)
* ''
Contarinia sphaerophysae''
Fedotova, 1984
* ''
Contarinia spiraeaphaga''
Fedotova, 1988
* ''
Contarinia spiraeina''
Felt, 1911
* ''
Contarinia squamulicola''
(Stebbins, 1910)
* ''
Contarinia stackelbergi''
Kovalev 1972
* ''
Contarinia steini''
(Karsch, 1881)
* ''
Contarinia subulifex''
Kieffer, 1897
* ''
Contarinia symphyti''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia tanaceti''
Rübsaamen, 1921
* ''
Contarinia tecomae''
(Felt, 1906)
* ''
Contarinia tephrosiae''
(Mani, 1944)
* ''
Contarinia texana''
(Felt, 1921)
* ''
Contarinia thalactri''
(Felt, 1907)
* ''
Contarinia thermopsidis''
s Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia thlaspeos''
Rübsaamen, 1910
* ''
Contarinia tianschanica''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia tiliarum''
(Kieffer, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia tragopogonis''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia tremulae''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia trifolii''
Felt, 1907
* ''
Contarinia tritici'' (
Kirby, 1798) – wheat fly
* ''
Contarinia trizni''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia trotteri''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia truncata''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia turkmenica''
Becknazarova & Mamaeva, 1981
* ''
Contarinia ubiquita''
Gagné 2001
* ''
Contarinia umbellatarum''
Rübsaamen, 1910
* ''
Contarinia utechini''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia valerianae''
(Rübsaamen, 1890)
* ''
Contarinia variabilis''
Rübsaamen, 1917
* ''
Contarinia vera''
Fedotova, 1997
* ''
Contarinia verna''
(Curtis, 1827)
* ''
Contarinia vernalis''
(Felt, 1908)
* ''
Contarinia veronicastum''
Fedotova, 2003
* ''
Contarinia verrucicola''
(Osten Sacken, 1875)
* ''
Contarinia viatica''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia viburnorum''
Kieffer, 1913
* ''
Contarinia viciocarpi''
Fedotova, 1993
* ''
Contarinia vincetoxici''
Kieffer, 1909
* ''
Contarinia virginianiae''
(Felt, 1906)
* ''
Contarinia viridiflava''
Felt, 1908
* ''
Contarinia virosa''
Fedotova, 1996
* ''
Contarinia viticola''
Rübsaamen, 1906
* ''
Contarinia washingtonensis''
Johnson, 1963
* ''
Contarinia zauschneriae''
(Felt, 1912)
* ''
Contarinia ziziphorae''
Fedotova, 1998
* ''
Contarinia zygophylli''
Debski, 1918
* ''
Contarinia zygophylliflorae''
Fedotova, 1990
References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2995440
Cecidomyiinae
Cecidomyiidae genera
Taxa named by Camillo Rondani
Insects described in 1860