![Villa Americana1906](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Villa_Americana1906.jpg)
Confederate colonies were made up of
Confederate
Confederacy or confederate may refer to:
States or communities
* Confederate state or confederation, a union of sovereign groups or communities
* Confederate States of America, a confederation of secessionist American states that existed between 1 ...
refugees who were displaced or fled their homes during or immediately after the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...
. They migrated to various countries, but especially
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, where
slavery remained legal, and to a lesser extent
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
and
British Honduras
British Honduras was a British Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1783 to 1964, then a self-governing colony, renamed Belize in June 1973, (modern
Belize
Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...
).
Background
Many Southerners had lost their land during the war and some were unwilling to live under the
Federal government. They did not expect an improvement in the South's economic position. Most of the emigrants were from the
states of
Alabama
(We dare defend our rights)
, anthem = "Alabama"
, image_map = Alabama in United States.svg
, seat = Montgomery
, LargestCity = Huntsville
, LargestCounty = Baldwin County
, LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham
, area_total_km2 = 135,765 ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...
,
Louisiana
Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is borde ...
,
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the north by Tennessee; to the east by Alabama; to the south by the Gulf of Mexico; to the southwest by Louisiana; and to the northwest by Arkansas. Miss ...
,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
,
South Carolina
)'' Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no)
, anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind"
, Former = Province of South Carolina
, seat = Columbia
, LargestCity = Charleston
, LargestMetro = ...
, and
Missouri
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...
. It is unknown how many American southerners emigrated to
Latin America
Latin America or
* french: Amérique Latine, link=no
* ht, Amerik Latin, link=no
* pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...
. As noted in unpublished research, Betty Antunes de Oliveira found in port records of
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
that some 20,000 Americans entered Brazil from 1865 to 1885. Other researchers have estimated the number at 10,000.
[Tigay, Alan M.]
The Deepest South
. ''American Heritage''. 49 (2). April 1998. pp. 84–95. Retrieved 25 August 2008. An unknown number returned to the United States after the end of
Reconstruction
Reconstruction may refer to:
Politics, history, and sociology
*Reconstruction (law), the transfer of a company's (or several companies') business to a new company
*'' Perestroika'' (Russian for "reconstruction"), a late 20th century Soviet Unio ...
, but many of the remaining immigrants who stayed adopted
Brazilian citizenship.
In Mexico,
Emperor Maximilian had encouraged and subsidized foreign colonization with land grants and appropriation of land. After the French withdrew their support of Maximilian and he was defeated in 1867, these colonies ceased to exist. The land titles were not recognized by the victorious Mexican republicans, who had spent years fighting an Imperial government that was imposed upon them.
See also
*Brazil
**
Americana, São Paulo
Americana () is a municipality (''município'') located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 229,322 (2015 est.) in an area of . The original settlement developed around the lo ...
**
Confederados
''Os Confederados'' () is the Brazilian name for Confederate expatriates who fled the Southern United States during Reconstruction and their Brazilian descendants. They were enticed to Brazil by offers of cheap land from Emperor Dom Pedro II ...
**
New Texas
*British Honduras
**
Confederate settlements in British Honduras
**
Colin J. McRae
*Mexico
**
New Virginia Colony
The New Virginia Colony was a colonization plan in central Mexico, to resettle ex- Confederates after the American Civil War. The largest settlement was Carlota, approximately midway between Mexico City and Veracruz, although other settlements wer ...
*Other
**
Knights of the Golden Circle
The Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) was a secret society founded in 1854 by American George W. L. Bickley, the objective of which was to create a new country, known as the Golden Circle ( es, Círculo Dorado), where slavery would be legal. T ...
References
Further reading
* Michael L. Conniff and Cyrus B. Dawsey, editors,
The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil' Auburn: University of Alabama., The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil'', Auburn: University of Alabama.
* Eugene C. Harter,
The Lost Colony of the Confederacy', Oxford: University Press of Mississippi.
* William Clark Griggs,
The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil' Austin: University of Texas, 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.
* Riccardo Orizio (Avril Bardoni, translator),
Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe'.
* Alan M. Tigay
"The Deepest South" ''American Heritage'' 49(2), April 1998, pp. 84–95
* Judith McKnight Jones, a descendant, wrote about the immigration and family trees. Her book
Soldado Descansa' lists some 400 families and is in Portuguese.
* Alcides Fernando Gussi,
Os Norte-Americanos Confederados do Brasil'.
Auburn Universityin
Alabama
(We dare defend our rights)
, anthem = "Alabama"
, image_map = Alabama in United States.svg
, seat = Montgomery
, LargestCity = Huntsville
, LargestCounty = Baldwin County
, LargestMetro = Greater Birmingham
, area_total_km2 = 135,765 ...
maintains a special collection of material related to the Confederado immigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.
External links
A Brief History of the Confederate Colonies of BrazilThe Lost Cause: The Confederate Exodus to MexicoThe Confederacy's Plan to Conqueror Latin America
{{Authority control
American diaspora
American refugees
American emigrants to Brazil
American emigrants to Mexico
Confederate expatriates
Historical migrations
History of the Southern United States
Settlement schemes
Social history of the American Civil War