Condado de Treviño ("
County
A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes Chambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...
of Treviño") is a
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
in the
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman '' provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
of
Burgos
Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos.
Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of ...
,
autonomous community
eu, autonomia erkidegoa
ca, comunitat autònoma
gl, comunidade autónoma
oc, comunautat autonòma
an, comunidat autonoma
ast, comunidá autónoma
, alt_name =
, map =
, category = Autonomous administra ...
of
Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller
La Puebla de Arganzón make up the
enclave of Treviño. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is surrounded by the province of
Álava
Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.
Its c ...
, part of the autonomous community of the
Basque Country.
As of 2015, the municipality had a population of 1,362.
History
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
times, the
Varduls,
Caristios and
Autrigones
The Autrigones were a pre-Roman tribe that settled in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, in what today is the western Basque Country (western regions of Biscay and Álava) and northern Burgos and the East of Cantabria, Spain. Their territory li ...
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
In the hamlet of
Laño one can still see artificial caves that were inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago. The
Las Gobas caves preserve inscriptions and drawings of animals.
Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño was founded some time between 1151 and 1161 by
Navarrese
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
king
Sancho VI ("Sancho El Sabio", "Sancho the Wise"). In 1200 it was conquered by
Alfonso VIII of
Castile.
As a crossroads in the Middle Ages, the city of Treviño had an important
Jew
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""T ...
ish quarter. Another early village was
Sáseta on the ''Camino del Vino y el Pescado'', the "road of wine and fish" that connected the
Ebro
, name_etymology =
, image = Zaragoza shel.JPG
, image_size =
, image_caption = The Ebro River in Zaragoza
, map = SpainEbroBasin.png
, map_size =
, map_caption = The Ebro ...
valley to the
Cantabria
Cantabria (, also , , Cantabrian: ) is an autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city. It is called a ''comunidad histórica'', a historic community, in its current Statute of Autonomy. It is bordered on the east ...
n coast.
On 8 April 1366,
Henry II of Castile
Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. He became king in 1369 by defeating his half-brother Peter th ...
ceded to
Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the ''Condado de Treviño'' as
Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique y de Castilla (c. 1412 – c. 1490) was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist.
Biography
Gómez Manrique was born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, (1382–1440), adelantado mayor of L ...
, the great-grandson of Pedro Manrique was given the title of
Count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
. The
Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the ''de facto'' unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being bot ...
would later (in 1483) grant the title of
Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''ayuntamiento'' (town hall) of the municipality.
Under the 1785 territorial disposition by the
Count of Floridablanca, the Condado de Treviño formed part of the
partido de Miranda de Ebro; it was divided into the town of Treviño and four ''cuadrillas'': the
Cuadrilla de Abajo, the
Cuadrilla de río Somoayuda, Cuadrilla de
Val de Lauri and the Cuadrilla de
Val de Tobera.
The enclave
After Castile conquered Álava (1200), most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian ''
fuero
(), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ; all ...
s'' typical of the
Basque Country. Treviño was not. However, reportedly Treviño was annexed to Castile somewhat later after the fall of Vitoria-Gasteiz. First a royal seigneury, and later under the rule of a noble family, Treviño remained tied to Castile. In 1358 and 1417 Treviño joined the fraternities made up of several towns in the heartland and fringes of Álava, the core of the present-day province. However, the Castilian king, failing to honour his oaths, assigned Treviño to the Manrique de Lara aristocrats, to become to counts of Treviño (County in 1453).
The county made several petitions for its reincorporation to Álava. The first took place in 1646, led by the members and representatives of the local council backed up by 390 supportive signatures (households) from 44 spots all across the county, when the petition was turned down by the Crown of Castile and probably the count. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the
1833 territorial division of Spain, an island of
Old Castile
Old Castile ( es, Castilla la Vieja ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions along the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: Sant ...
in the midst of Álava. Two further attempts ensued for the re-incorporation to Álava before the Civil War, 1917–19 and 1936, both within the context of the works to design a
Basque statute of autonomy.
In 1998 a referendum was held to poll its inhabitants on the possible attachment of the county to the province of Álava. The votation resulted in a turnout of 76% with a 68% advocating to join Álava. A like referendum was held first time in 1940 just after the civil war, with a 98% of the voters supporting the same option, which nowadays is backed primarily, but not only, by
Basque nationalists
Basque nationalism ( eu, eusko abertzaletasuna ; es, nacionalismo vasco; french: nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group Indigenous peoples, indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation an ...
. The Regional Council of
Castile and León has opposed in modern times any such popular consultations on the matter or any binding effect of its results.
Politics
The
municipal elections of 2015 in the Condado de Treviño gave 2 council seats to independent "Ciudadanos del Condado" (''Citizens of the Condado''), 2 to the also independent (and pro-
Basque
Basque may refer to:
* Basques, an ethnic group of Spain and France
* Basque language, their language
Places
* Basque Country (greater region), the homeland of the Basque people with parts in both Spain and France
* Basque Country (autonomous co ...
)
Agrupación Electoral Independiente del Condado de Treviño (''Independent Group of the Condado de Trebiño''), 2 to the centre-right
People's Party, one for the independent "Condado para todos" (''Condado for All''), one to the left-wing
Basque nationalist Euskal Herria Bildu, one to the centre-right
Basque Nationalist Party and none to the centre-left
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party ( es, Partido Socialista Obrero Español ; PSOE ) is a social-democraticThe PSOE is described as a social-democratic party by numerous sources:
*
*
*
* political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in gove ...
.
Demography
Añastro,
Pariza and the above-mentioned Sáseta were once independent municipalities. Beginning with the 1857 census, the figures for the municipality of Condado de Treviño incorporate Pariza and Sáseta; beginning with the census of 1930 it incorporates Añastro as well. The adjacent
La Puebla de Arganzón forms part of the same enclave, but remains a municipality in its own right.
Hamlets and towns
As can be seen from the numbers in the previous section, throughout most of the second half of the 20th century the population of Condado de Treviño declined steadily. Most of the population was moving to Vitoria, and in 1974 several ''pedanías''—hamlets—ceased to have any formal existence and were simply aggregated into Treviño. The following ''juntas vecinales''—local governments—were dissolved that year:
Ajarte,
Araico,
Ascarza,
Burgueta,
Dordóniz,
Grandival,
Meana,
Mesanza,
Moscador,
Pedruzo,
Samiano,
San Martín de Galvarín,
San Vicentejo,
Sáseta, and
Zurbitu.
As of 2008 there are 36 ''
minor local entities'', the status within the autonomous community of Castile and León for a recognized community smaller than a municipality. They are as follows:
In addition, the following hamlets have no formal status:
Heritage sites and other places of interest
![Treviño Pueblo 02](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Trevi%C3%B1o_Pueblo_02.jpg)
Four sites within Condado de Treviño are formally recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Culture as part of Spain's ''Patrimonio Histórico'' (literally "historic patrimony", heritage sites):
* The Cuevas de
Laño, artificial caves inhabited by hermits more than 1500 years ago, declared part of the ''Patrimonio Histórico'' 23 June 1978.
* The prehistoric caves of "Montico" in
Albaina, declared 21 August 1976.
* The artistic-historic assemblage of the town of
Treviño, declared 28 September 1983.
* Ermita (Hermitage) de la Purísima Concepción, in
San Vicentejo, declared 11 March 1994.
: Source:
[Ministerio de Cultura/Base de datos de bienes inmuebles]
/ref>
Other places of interest include the forests of Obécuri and Bajauri; Izki Natural Park, with the largest massing of ''Quercus pyrenaica
''Quercus pyrenaica'', commonly known as Pyrenean oak, is a tree native to southwestern Europe and northwestern North Africa. Despite its common name, it is rarely found in the Pyrenees Mountains and is more abundant in northern Portugal and nort ...
'' in Europe; the gorge of the river Ayuda; the route from Sáseta to Oquina, crossing Laño-Laguardia; the Aguillo-Ajarte crossing of Palogán mountain; the town of Pariza; the town of Cucho, whose buildings have been completely restored; and the hermitages of San Formerio, San Vicentejo, Ermita de Albaina, and Ermita de Pariza.
Towns of Condado de Treviño
File:Treviño Pueblo 01.jpg, Treviño, the capital of Condado de Treviño
File: Añastroko eliza.jpg, San Andrés Church (16th century) in Añastro
File:Armentia trebiñu.jpg, Armentia
Armentia is one of the villages associated with Vitoria-Gasteiz. Its name comes from the Latin word ''armentum,'' which translated into English means "intensive farming". The village is well known for its 161 ha park created in the 1998.
Village
...
File:Arrieta mendia eta herria.jpg, Arrieta (Burgos)
File:Arrietatrebiñu.jpg, A street in Arrieta
File:Bustu.jpg, Busto de Treviño
File:Kutxuko eliza eta plaza.jpg, Invención de la Santa Cruz Church in Cucho
File:Doroñu.jpg, Doroño
File:Franku trebiñu.jpg, Franco
Franco may refer to:
Name
* Franco (name)
* Francisco Franco (1892–1975), Spanish general and dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975
* Franco Luambo (1938–1989), Congolese musician, the "Grand Maître"
Prefix
* Franco, a prefix used when ref ...
town.
File:Golernio.jpg, Golernio
File:Imiruri.jpg, Imiruri
File:Obekuri 2007 9 27.JPG, Obécuri
File:Otxate - Ruinas 04.jpg, The abandoned town of Ochate, with the tower of the ancient San Miguel Church
File:Ozana.jpg, Asunción de Nuestra Señora Church in Ozana
File:San vicentejo.jpg, La Concepción Hermitage (12th century) in San Vicentejo
File:Iglesia de Saraso.jpg, San Andrés Church (12th century) in Saraso
File:Uzquiano-iglesia.JPG, Late Romanesque church in Uzquiano
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Condado de Trevino
Municipalities in the Province of Burgos
Basque politics
Enclaves and exclaves