Comply or explain is a regulatory approach used in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

, the

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and other countries in the field of

corporate governance Corporate governance is defined, described or delineated in diverse ways, depending on the writer's purpose. Writers focused on a disciplinary interest or context (such as accounting, finance, law, or management) often adopt narrow definitions th ...

and financial supervision. Rather than setting out binding laws, government regulators (in the UK, the Financial Reporting Council, in Germany, under the

Aktiengesetz (; abbreviated AG, ) is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership (i.e. one which is owned by its shareholders) whose shares may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland (where it is equi ...

) set out a code, which listed companies may either comply with, or if they do not comply, explain publicly why they do not. The purpose of "comply or explain" is to "let the market decide" whether a set of standards is appropriate for individual companies. Since a company may deviate from the standard, this approach rejects the view that "one size fits all", but because of the requirement of disclosure of explanations to market investors, anticipates that if investors do not accept a company's explanations, then they will sell their shares, hence creating a "market sanction", rather than a legal one. The concept was first introduced after the recommendations of the Cadbury Report of 1992.

Usage

The

UK Corporate Governance Code The UK Corporate Governance code, formerly known as the Combined Code (from here on referred to as "the Code") is a part of UK company law with a set of principles of good corporate governance aimed at companies listed on the London Stock Exchang ...

, the

German Corporate Governance Code German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...

(or Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex) and the Dutch Corporate Governance Code 'Code Tabaksblat' ( :nl:code-Tabaksblat) use this approach in setting minimum standards for companies in their

audit An audit is an "independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form when such an examination is conducted with a view to express an opinion thereon.” Auditing ...

committees, remuneration committees and recommendations for how good companies should divide authority on their boards. Under the revised Shareholder Rights Directive of 2017 (

SRD II The Shareholder Rights Directive''2007/36/EC amended by thDirective 2017/828/EU establishes requirements in relation to the exercise of certain shareholder rights attached to EU-listed companies. It also establishes specific requirements in order ...

), companies must develop and publish a policy stating how voting rights operate and how shareholders are engaged in the running of the company, subject to the "comply or explain" principle.

Benefits and drawbacks of the Comply or Explain approach

The approach has both benefits and drawbacks.

Benefits

The main benefits are that the approach offers flexibility to corporations, lowers their compliance burden, and stimulates discussion and for grounds in changes in legislation. (Ho 2012; Galle 2014; Abma and Olaerts 2012; Lu 2021)

Drawbacks

The main drawbacks are that material compliance is difficult to enforce, an overemphasis on ‘tick-the-box’ compliance and, most prominently, that corporations give perfunctory explanations for non-compliance. (Ho 2012; Galle 2014; Abma and Olaerts 2012) The lack of meaningful explanations is seen as the biggest drawback. Many studies point to the low quality of explanations given in comply or explain mechanisms in corporate governance and non-financial reporting regulations (MacNeil and Li 2006; Cuomo et al 2016; FRC 2021). In the UK (MacNeil and Li 2006; Shrives and Brennan 2015), Germany (Talaulicar and Werder 2008), Greece (Nerantzidis 2015), Italy (Lepore et al. 2018) and the Netherlands (Hooghiemstra 2012; Monitoring Commissie Corporate Governance Code 2020) studies find that explanations for non-compliance with corporate governance codes are often inadequate. Similar results are found when studying non-compliance explanations in the realm of European non-financial reporting (Björklund 2021; Monciardini et al. 2020; Szabó and Sørensen 2015; Boiral 2013). This collection of research indicates that possible high levels of ‘compliance’ with corporate governance codes and non-financial reporting requirements are in fact much lower due to the large percentage of inadequate explanations.

Enforcement and supervision

Due to the drawbacks to the comply or explain approach, several studies have proposed that an increased level of (public) enforcement and supervision is necessary in order to monitor inadequate explanations of non-compliance. (Lu 2021; Hooghiemstra 2012; Keay 2014; Seidl et al. 2013; Boiral 2013). Since the explanation for non-compliance is the cornerstone of the comply or explain approach, authors are specifically calling on public enforcement authorities to take a more active role. (Lu 2021; Hooghiemstra 2012;) Some researchers have found that there are certain qualities of corporations that are associated with higher and lower levels of high-quality non-compliance explanations (2.4). Studies conducted in Germany, Italy and the Netherlands give insights into which qualities often indicate high-quality non-compliance explanations (Talaulicar and Werder 2008); Hooghiemstra 2012; Lepore et al. 2018). These insights could be useful to stakeholders wanting to monitor compliance and to public enforcement authorities if they are tasked with more stringent supervision.

References