Flavius Theodosius (died 376), also known as Count Theodosius ( la, Theodosius comes) or Theodosius the Elder ( la, Theodosius Major), was a senior military officer serving
Valentinian I () and the
western Roman empire during
Late Antiquity. Under his command the
Roman army
The Roman army (Latin: ) was the armed forces deployed by the Romans throughout the duration of Ancient Rome, from the Roman Kingdom (c. 500 BC) to the Roman Republic (500–31 BC) and the Roman Empire (31 BC–395 AD), and its medieval continu ...
defeated numerous threats, incursions, and usurpations. Theodosius was patriarch of the imperial
Theodosian dynasty () and father of the emperor
Theodosius the Great
Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...
().
He was granted the title of ''
comes rei militaris per Britanniarum'' (Commander of the Troops of the
Diocese of the Britains
Roman Britain was the period in classical antiquity when large parts of the island of Great Britain were under occupation by the Roman Empire. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. During that time, the territory conquered was ...
) by the emperor Valentinian for his work there; putting down the
Great Conspiracy (367–368) and the usurpation of
Valentinus. After restoring order in Britain he returned to continental Europe and fought against the
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni, were a confederation of Germanic tribes
*
*
*
on the Upper Rhine River. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni captured the in 260, and later expanded into pres ...
; as Valentinian's ''
magister equitum
The , in English Master of the Horse or Master of the Cavalry, was a Roman magistrate appointed as lieutenant to a dictator. His nominal function was to serve as commander of the Roman cavalry in time of war, but just as a dictator could be nomi ...
'' (Master of Horse) he successfully invaded Alemannic territory (371 or 370). In 372 Theodosius led a successful campaign against the Sarmatians.
[Hughes, I, ''Imperial Brothers'', p. 109.] In the same year
Firmus
According to the ''Historia Augusta'', Firmus (died 273) was a usurper during the reign of Aurelian. The contradictory accounts of his life and the man himself are considered to be a complete fabrication, perhaps based on the later Firmus.
Hist ...
, a
Mauritanian prince, rebelled against Roman rule.
Theodosius was sent to Africa and in two hard-fought campaigns (373–374) put down the insurrection. In 376, after the death of emperor Valentinian, he was arrested and executed, presumably as he was seen as a threat to the new western emperors
Gratian and
Valentinian II.
Theodosius's is related to , from which the medieval European feudal title of
count is derived.
Military career
Theodosius is first mentioned in historical records by
Ammianus Marcellinus with reference to his appointment to the command to restore order in Britain.
[ Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'', 27.8.3.] It is clear that prior to his appointment to such an important military command Theodosius must have been a confidant of Valentinian and that his military ability was known and respected, but unfortunately what his career up to that point was is unknown.
The Great Conspiracy
In 368, Theodosius was raised to the high Roman military rank of ''
comes rei militaris
''Comes'' ( ), plural ''comites'' ( ), was a Roman title or office, and the origin Latin form of the medieval and modern title "count".
Before becoming a word for various types of title or office, the word originally meant "companion", either i ...
'' and sent to northern
Gaul and
Britannia to recover the lands lost to the
Great Barbarian Conspiracy in the previous year. Theodosius was given command of part of Valentinian's ''
comitatensis
The comitatenses and later the palatini were the units of the field armies of the late Roman Empire. They were the soldiers that replaced the legionaries, who had formed the backbone of the Roman military since the Marian reforms.
Organization ...
'' (the Imperial Field Army) and early in the year he marched on
Bononia (
Boulogne-sur-Mer), Rome's harbour on the
Channel
Channel, channels, channeling, etc., may refer to:
Geography
* Channel (geography), in physical geography, a landform consisting of the outline (banks) of the path of a narrow body of water.
Australia
* Channel Country, region of outback Austral ...
. Taking advantage of a break in the weather Theodosius crossed the Channel, landing at
Rutupiae
Richborough Castle is a Roman Saxon Shore fort better known as Richborough Roman Fort. It is situated in Richborough near Sandwich, Kent. Substantial remains of the massive fort walls still stand to a height of several metres.
It is p ...
(
Richborough), leaving the bulk of his troops in Bononia to await clearer weather. At Rutupiae Theodosius started gathering intelligence on the situation in Britain; he found out that the troops in Britain had either refused to fight against an enemy superior in numbers, or had been on furlough when the invasion began. Furthermore, he found out that the enemy had broken up their forces into small raiding parties which were plundering at will. When his army finally crossed the Channel with the onset of clear, spring, weather, Theodosius had made his plans and was ready to move. The Roman army marched on
Londinium
Londinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule. It was originally a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around AD 47–50. It sat at a key cross ...
(London) and re-established Imperial control of Britain's largest city. Londinium would act as Theodosius' base of operations. He divided his army into detachments and sent them to attack the marauding warbands within reach of the city. The Romans quickly overcame the small enemy raiding parties, killing and/or capturing many marauders, and relieving them of their booty, supplies and prisoners. Theodosius also sent messengers offering pardon to deserters and ordering them to make their way to Londinium.
Over the winter of 368–369, large numbers of troops started drifting back into their units, bringing vital intelligence that would help Theodosius plan the next phase of his campaign. In 369 Theodosius campaigned all through Roman Britain, restoring its 'chief towns' and hunting down enemy war parties and traitors.
Ammianus Marcellinus records that he put down a rebellion by the
Pannonia
Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now wes ...
n
Valentinus. At the end of the campaigning season he sent a message to Valentinian to inform him that the provinces of Britain had been restored to the Empire. He also informed the emperor that he had created a new province which he had named Valentia (probably for Valentinian).
Known to have been with him on this expedition were his younger son, the later emperor,
Theodosius Theodosius ( Latinized from the Greek "Θεοδόσιος", Theodosios, "given by god") is a given name. It may take the form Teodósio, Teodosie, Teodosije etc. Theodosia is a feminine version of the name.
Emperors of ancient Rome and Byzantium
...
and the future usurper
Magnus Maximus.
Magister Equitum Praesentalis
On his return from Britain Theodosius succeeded Jovinus as the ''magister equitum praesentalis'' at the court of Emperor
Valentinian I, in which capacity he prosecuted another successful campaign (370/371) against the
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni, were a confederation of Germanic tribes
*
*
*
on the Upper Rhine River. First mentioned by Cassius Dio in the context of the campaign of Caracalla of 213, the Alemanni captured the in 260, and later expanded into pres ...
. In 372 Theodosius was deployed to
Illyricum and led an army against the
Sarmatians; he appears to have secured a victory in battle and successfully brought the campaign against to an end.
In 372
Firmus
According to the ''Historia Augusta'', Firmus (died 273) was a usurper during the reign of Aurelian. The contradictory accounts of his life and the man himself are considered to be a complete fabrication, perhaps based on the later Firmus.
Hist ...
, a
Mauretania
Mauretania (; ) is the Latin name for a region in the ancient Maghreb. It stretched from central present-day Algeria westwards to the Atlantic, covering northern present-day Morocco, and southward to the Atlas Mountains. Its native inhabitants, ...
n prince, rebelled against Roman rule and plunged the
Diocese of Africa into disarray. Valentinian decided to give the command of the expedition to suppress the rebellion to Theodosius. The army was reorganized, extra troops were recruited, Theodosius' son was made ''dux Moesiae Primae'' replacing his father as commander in Illyricum and Theodosius himself started mustering his troops at
Arles. In the spring of 373 Theodosius sailed to Africa and led a successful campaign against the rebels in the east of Mauritania. At the end of the campaigning season, when he led his army into western Mauritania, he suffered a major setback. In 374 Theodosius invaded western Mauritania again. This time he was more successful, defeating the rebels and capturing Firmus. In 373/374, the younger Theodosius was made ''
dux'' of the province of
Moesia Prima.
In 375, when Emperor Valentinian suddenly died, Theodosius was still in Africa. Orders arrived for Theodosius to be arrested; he was taken to
Carthage, and put to death in early 376. The reasons for this are not clear, but it is thought to have resulted from a factional power struggle in Italy after the sudden death of Emperor Valentinian in November 375. Shortly before his death Count Theodosius accepted Christian
baptism — a common practice at the time, even for lifelong Christians.
Family
According to
Polemius Silvius, Theodosius the Elder's son, Theodosius the Great, was born on 11 January 347 or 346.
The ''
epitome de Caesaribus
The ''Epitome de Caesaribus'' is a Latin historical work written at the end of the 4th century.
It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was written ...
'' places his birthplace at Cauca (
Coca, Segovia) in
Hispania.
Theodosius had another son named Honorius, a daughter referred to in
Aurelius Victor's ''De caesaribus'' but whose name is unknown, and a grand-niece,
Serena.
Legacy
At the fall of his father, Theodosius the ''dux'' of Moesia Prima retired to his estates in the
Iberian Peninsula, where he married
Aelia Flaccilla in 376.
Their first child,
Arcadius, was born around 377.
Pulcheria, their daughter, was born in 377 or 378.
Theodosius had returned to the Danube frontier by 378, when he was appointed ''magister equitum''. following his successes in the field elevated at
Sirmium (
Sremska Mitrovica
Sremska Mitrovica (; sr-Cyrl, Сремска Митровица, hu, Szávaszentdemeter, la, Sirmium) is a city and the administrative center of the Srem District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It is situated on the left bank ...
) to the rank of ''augustus'' by the emperor
Gratian () on 19 January 379.
On the accession of his son as ''augustus'', Theodosius the Elder was
deified and given the ''consecratio'' in .
The younger Theodosius, who himself married into the ruling
Valentinianic dynasty () by wedding
Galla, the sister of Theodosius's co-''augustus'' Gratian and the daughter of
Valentinian the Great
Valentinian I ( la, Valentinianus; 32117 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor, he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces. Vale ...
and his second wife
Justina
Justina and Justine are anglicised versions of the Latin name ''Iustina'', feminine of ''Iustinus'', a derivative of ''Iustus'', meaning ''fair'' or ''just''. For the masculine version of the name, see Justin (name).
Translations
*Russian: Ус ...
, went on to establish his as an imperial dynasty, making Count Theodosius the progenitor and patriarch of a line of Roman emperors and empresses.
See also
*
Roman Britain
References
Ancient Sources
*
Ammianus Marcellinus. ''Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI''
'31 Books of Deeds'' AD 391. Translated by
Charles Yonge.
''Roman History'', Vol. XXVIII, Ch. III. Bohn (London), 1862. Hosted at
Wikisource.
Modern Sources
* A.H.M. Jones, et al. ''
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire''.
*
*
Medieval Lands Project: Count Flavius Theodosius the Elder
{{DEFAULTSORT:Theodosius, Count
376 deaths
4th-century Christians
4th-century Romans
Ancient Romans in Britain
Comites rei militaris
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Generals of Valentinian I
Magistri equitum (Roman Empire)
Theodosian dynasty
Year of birth unknown