color symmetry

Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is completely unrelated to the everyday meanings of color and charge. The term ''color'' and the labels red, green, and blue became popular simply because of the loose analogy to the primary colors.

Some particles have corresponding antiparticles. A particle with red, green, or blue charge has a corresponding antiparticle in which the color charge must be the anticolor of red, green, and blue, respectively, for the color charge to be conserved in particle–antiparticle creation and annihilation. Particle physicists call these antired, antigreen, and antiblue. All three colors mixed together, or any one of these colors and its complement (or negative), is "colorless" or "white" and has a net color charge of zero. Due to a property of the strong interaction called color confinement, free particles must have a color charge of zero: a baryon is composed of three quarks, which must be one each of red, green, and blue colors; likewise an antibaryon is composed of three antiquarks, one each of antired, antigreen and antiblue. A meson is made from one quark and one antiquark; the quark can be any color, and the antiquark has the matching anticolor.

Shortly after the existence of quarks was first proposed in 1964, Oscar W. Greenberg introduced the notion of color charge to explain how quarks could coexist inside some hadrons in otherwise identical quantum states without violating the Pauli exclusion principle. The theory of quantum chromodynamics has been under development since the 1970s and constitutes an important component of the Standard Model of particle physics.

Red, green, and blue

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors: called antired, antigreen, and antiblue (represented as cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively). Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge. QCD considers eight gluons of the possible nine color–anticolor combinations to be unique; see '' eight gluon colors'' for an explanation.

The following illustrates the coupling constants for color-charged particles:

Image:Quark_Colors_with_white.svg, The quark colors (red, green, blue) combine to be colorless
Image:Quark_Anticolors.svg, The quark anticolors (antired, antigreen, antiblue) also combine to be colorless

Image:QCD Intermediate 1.png, A hadron with 3 quarks (red, green, blue) before a color change
Image:QCD Intermediate 2.png, Blue quark emits a blue–antigreen gluon
Image:QCD Intermediate 3.png, Green quark has absorbed the blue–antigreen gluon and is now blue; color remains conserved
File:Neutron QCD Animation.gif, An animation of the interaction inside a neutron. The gluons are represented as circles with the color charge in the center and the anti-color charge on the outside.

Field lines from color charges

Analogous to an electric field and electric charges, the strong force acting between color charges can be depicted using field lines. However, the color field lines do not arc outwards from one charge to another as much, because they are pulled together tightly by gluons (within 1 fm). This effect confines quarks within hadrons.

Coupling constant and charge

In a quantum field theory, a coupling constant and a charge are different but related notions. The coupling constant sets the magnitude of the force of interaction; for example, in quantum electrodynamics, the fine-structure constant is a coupling constant. The charge in a gauge theory has to do with the way a particle transforms under the gauge symmetry; i.e., its representation under the gauge group. For example, the electron has charge −1 and the positron has charge +1, implying that the gauge transformation has opposite effects on them in some sense. Specifically, if a local gauge transformation is applied in electrodynamics, then one finds (using tensor index notation):
\begin
A_\mu &\to A_\mu + \partial_\mu\,\phi(x) ~, \\
\psi &\to \exp\left i\,Q\phi(x)\right; \psi ~, \\
\bar\psi &\to \exp\left i\,Q\phi(x)\right\; \bar\psi
\end
where $A_\mu$ is the photon field, and is the electron field with (a bar over denotes its antiparticle — the positron). Since QCD is a non-abelian theory, the representations, and hence the color charges, are more complicated. They are dealt with in the next section.

Quark and gluon fields

In QCD the gauge group is the non-abelian group SU(3). The ''running coupling'' is usually denoted by $\alpha_s$. Each flavor of quark belongs to the fundamental representation (3) and contains a triplet of fields together denoted by $\psi$. The antiquark field belongs to the complex conjugate representation (3^*) and also contains a triplet of fields. We can write
::$\psi = \begin\psi_1\\ \psi_2\\ \psi_3\end$  and  $\overline\psi = \begin^*_1\\ ^*_2\\ ^*_3\end.$
The gluon contains an octet of fields (see gluon field), and belongs to the adjoint representation (8), and can be written using the Gell-Mann matrices as
::$_\mu = A_\mu^a\lambda_a.$
(there is an implied summation over ''a'' = 1, 2, ... 8). All other particles belong to the trivial representation (1) of color SU(3). The color charge of each of these fields is fully specified by the representations. Quarks have a color charge of red, green or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states which are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. All other particles have zero color charge. Mathematically speaking, the color charge of a particle is the value of a certain quadratic Casimir operator in the representation of the particle.

In the simple language introduced previously, the three indices "1", "2" and "3" in the quark triplet above are usually identified with the three colors. The colorful language misses the following point. A gauge transformation in color SU(3) can be written as $\psi \to U \psi$, where $U$ is a matrix which belongs to the group SU(3). Thus, after gauge transformation, the new colors are linear combinations of the old colors. In short, the simplified language introduced before is not gauge invariant.

Color charge is conserved, but the book-keeping involved in this is more complicated than just adding up the charges, as is done in quantum electrodynamics. One simple way of doing this is to look at the interaction vertex in QCD and replace it by a color-line representation. The meaning is the following. Let $\psi_i$ represent the -th component of a quark field (loosely called the -th color). The ''color'' of a gluon is similarly given by $\mathbf$ which corresponds to the particular Gell-Mann matrix it is associated with. This matrix has indices and . These are the ''color labels'' on the gluon. At the interaction vertex one has . The color-line representation tracks these indices. Color charge conservation means that the ends of these color-lines must be either in the initial or final state, equivalently, that no lines break in the middle of a diagram.

Since gluons carry color charge, two gluons can also interact. A typical interaction vertex (called the three gluon vertex) for gluons involves g + g → g. This is shown here, along with its color-line representation. The color-line diagrams can be restated in terms of conservation laws of color; however, as noted before, this is not a gauge invariant language. Note that in a typical non-abelian gauge theory the gauge boson carries the charge of the theory, and hence has interactions of this kind; for example, the W boson in the electroweak theory. In the electroweak theory, the W also carries electric charge, and hence interacts with a photon.

See also

*Color confinement
* Gluon field strength tensor
*Electric charge

References

Further reading

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Color Charge
Gluons
Quantum chromodynamics