In
linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...
, singulative number and collective number (
abbreviated
An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbrevia ...
and ) are terms used when the
grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and other languages present number categories of ...
for multiple items is the
unmarked
In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant defau ...
form of a noun, and the noun is specially marked to indicate a single item.
This is the opposite of the more common
singular
Singular may refer to:
* Singular, the grammatical number that denotes a unit quantity, as opposed to the plural and other forms
* Singular homology
* SINGULAR, an open source Computer Algebra System (CAS)
* Singular or sounder, a group of boar, ...
–
plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This de ...
pattern, where a noun is unmarked when
it represents one item, and is marked to represent more than one item.
In some cases, a further distinction is made between the collective and what is known in some terminologies as the plurative, the former referencing multiple items as a class, the latter referencing them as individual units.
Greenberg's linguistic universal #35 states that no language is purely singulative-collective in the sense that plural is always the null morpheme and singular is not.
Examples
Welsh
Welsh
Welsh may refer to:
Related to Wales
* Welsh, referring or related to Wales
* Welsh language, a Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Wales
* Welsh people
People
* Welsh (surname)
* Sometimes used as a synonym for the ancient Britons (Celtic peop ...
has two systems of grammatical number, singular–plural and collective–singulative. Since the loss of the noun
inflection
In linguistic morphology, inflection (or inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, mood, animacy, and defin ...
system of earlier
Celtic
Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to:
Language and ethnicity
*pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia
**Celts (modern)
*Celtic languages
**Proto-Celtic language
* Celtic music
*Celtic nations
Sports Fo ...
, plurals have become unpredictable and can be formed in several ways: by adding a
suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns, adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry ...
to the end of the word (most commonly ), as in "father" and "fathers", through
vowel mutation
In linguistics, umlaut (from German "sound alternation") is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel. The term ''umlaut'' was originally coined in connection with the study of Germanic languages, as ...
, as in "boy" and "boys", or through a combination of the two, as in "sister" and "sisters". Other nouns take the singulative suffixes (for masculine nouns) or (for feminine nouns). Most nouns which inflect according to this system designate objects that are frequently found in groups, for example "birds/flock of birds", "bird"; "a bed of strawberries", "a strawberry"; "children", "a child"; and "forest", "a tree". Still other nouns use suffixes for both singular and plural forms (e.g. "a pony", "ponies", the unsuffixed * does not exist); these are similar to nouns formed from other categories of words (e.g. "charity" gives rise to "a beggar" and "beggars").
Other languages
Singulatives are featured in some
Semitic and
Slavic languages.
[
In ]Arabic grammar
Arabic grammar or Arabic language sciences ( ar, النحو العربي ' or ar, عُلُوم اللغَة العَرَبِيَّة ') is the grammar of the Arabic language. Arabic is a Semitic language and its grammar has many similarities with ...
, the singulative is called , "noun of unity". It is formed by the suffixes -''a(t)'' and -''ī''. The former applies to animals, plants, and inanimate objects, e.g. ''qamḥ'' "wheat", ''qamḥa(t)'' "a grain of wheat"; ''shajar'' 'trees', ''shajara(t)'' 'a tree'; ''baqar'' 'cattle'; ''baqara(t)'' 'a cow'. The latter suffix applies to sentient beings, e.g. ''jinn
Jinn ( ar, , ') – also Romanization of Arabic, romanized as djinn or Anglicization, anglicized as genies (with the broader meaning of spirit or demon, depending on sources)
– are Invisibility, invisible creatures in early Arabian mytho ...
'' (collective), ''jinnī'' (singulative); ''zinj'' 'black African people', ''zinjī'' 'a black African person'. In some cases, the singulative has a further plural indicating a collection of the singular units, which may be broken (e.g. e.g., ''jund'' 'army', ''jundī'' 'a soldier', ''junūd'' 'soldiers') or regular (e.g. ''`askar'' 'army, military', ''`askarī'' 'a soldier, private, or enlisted man', ''`askarīyūn'' 'soldiers, privates, enlisted men').
In East Slavic languages
The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages. East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout Eastern Europe, and eastwards to Sibe ...
, which are basically of singular–plural system, the singular suffix -ин- ('-in-', Russian, '-yn-', Ukrainian), resp. '-ін-' ('-in-', Belarusian) performs the singulative function for collective nouns.[p 47]
/ref> Russian: ''gorokh'' (pea
The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the flowering plant species ''Pisum sativum''. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and d ...
s in mass) vs. ''goroshina'' (a single pea). Ukrainian: /''pisok'' (sand
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of s ...
) vs. /''pischyna'' (grain of sand).[ Belarusian: (]potato
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
es in mass, e.g. as a crop or as a species) vs. (one potato tuber
Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...
). Notice the affix '-a' in all these examples, which indicates the feminine form. Notice also that plural forms may be derived from these singulatives in a regular way: ''goroshina''->''goroshiny'' (several peas), etc.
In both East Slavic and Arabic, the singulative form always takes on the feminine gender
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may include sex-based social structures (i.e. gender roles) and gender identity. Most cultures u ...
.
Singulative markers are found throughout the Nilo-Saharan languages
The Nilo-Saharan languages are a proposed family of African languages spoken by some 50–60 million people, mainly in the upper parts of the Chari River, Chari and Nile rivers, including historic Nubia, north of where the two tributaries of the ...
. Majang
The Majang people, or ''Majangir'', live in southwestern Ethiopia and speak a Nilo-Saharan language of the Surmic cluster. The 1998 census gave the total of the Majangir population as 15,341, but since they live scattered in the hills in disperse ...
, for example, has collective ''ŋɛɛti'' 'lice', singulative ''ŋɛɛti-n'' 'louse'. (Bender 1983:124).
In Dutch, singulative forms of collective nouns are occasionally made by diminutives: ''snoep'' "sweets, candy" → ''snoepje'' "sweet, piece of candy". These singulatives can be pluralized like most other nouns: ''snoepjes'' "several sweets, pieces of candy".
Comparison with mass nouns
A collective form such as the Welsh , "pigs", is more basic than the singular form , "a pig". It is generally the collective form which is used as an adjectival modifier, e.g. ("pig meat", "pork"). The collective form is therefore similar in many respects to an English mass noun
In linguistics, a mass noun, uncountable noun, non-count noun, uncount noun, or just uncountable, is a noun with the syntactic property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete elemen ...
such as "rice", which in fact refers to a collection of items which are logically countable. However, English has no productive
Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production proces ...
process of forming singulative nouns (just phrases such as "a grain of rice"). Therefore, English cannot be said to have singulative number.
Plurative
In some cases, in addition to the collective and singulative forms, a third form, called the "plurative" in the terminology of some scholars, is distinguished from the collective. The collective form, in these cases, denotes multiple items as a class while the plurative denotes them as individuals. Compare, for example, "people" in "People are funny" with "people" in "the people in this room", though in English the same plural form is used for both purposes.
Example: In Arabic, for ''samak'', "fish":
* ''samak'', collective form, fish in general
* ''samak-at'', singulative, a single fish
* ''ʔasmaak'', plurative, as in "many fish" or "three fish"
See also
*Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and other languages present number categories of ...
*Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This de ...
References
Bibliography
* Bender, M. Lionel. 1983. "Majang phonology and morphology". In ''Nilo-Saharan Language Studies'', 114–147. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
* Corbett, Greville G. 2000. ''Number.'' Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN, 0-521-33845-X
* Tiersma, Peter Meijes. 1982. "Local and General Markedness." ''Language'' 58.4: 832-849
Grammatical number
Welsh language