Coenzyme F₄₂₀ or 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin is a

coenzyme A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that ass ...

(sometimes called a cofactor) involved in

redox Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate (chemistry), substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of Electron, electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction ...

reactions in

methanogen Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions. They are prokaryotic and belong to the domain Archaea. All known methanogens are members of the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Methanogens are com ...

s, in many

Actinomycetota The ''Actinomycetota'' (or ''Actinobacteria'') are a phylum of all gram-positive bacteria. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soi ...

, and sporadically in other bacterial lineages. It is a flavin derivative. The coenzyme is a substrate for coenzyme F₄₂₀ hydrogenase, 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase and

methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase In enzymology, a methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes the chemical reaction :5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + coenzyme F420 \rightleftharpoons 5,10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin + reduce ...

. A particularly rich natural source of F₄₂₀ is ''

Mycobacterium smegmatis ''Mycobacterium smegmatis'' is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum ''Actinomycetota'' and the genus ''Mycobacterium''. It is 3.0 to 5.0 µm long with a bacillus shape and can be stained by Ziehl–Neelsen method and the auramine-rh ...

'', in which several dozen enzymes use F₄₂₀ instead of the related cofactor FMN used by homologous enzymes in most other species. Eukaryotes including the fruit fly ''

Drosophila melanogaster ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is often referred to as the fruit fly or lesser fruit fly, or less commonly the "vinegar fly" or "pomace fly". Starting with Ch ...

'' and the algae ''

Ostreococcus tauri ''Ostreococcus tauri'' is a unicellular species of marine green alga about 0.8 micrometres (μm) in diameter, the smallest free-living (non- symbiotic) eukaryote yet described. It has a very simple ultrastructure, and a compact genome. As a c ...

'' also use a precursor to this cofactor.

Biosynthesis

Coenzyme F₄₂₀ is synthesized via a multi-step pathway: *

7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin synthase (, ''FO synthase'') and 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil—L-tyrosine 4-hydroxyphenyl transferase () are two enzymes always complexed together to achieve synthesis of FO, a precursor to Coenzyme ...

produces Coenzyme FO (also written F0), itself a cofactor of DNA photolyase (antenna). This is the head portion of the molecule. * 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase produces Coenzyme F₄₂₀-0, the portion containing the head, the diphosphate bridge, and ending with a carboxylic acid group. * Coenzyme F420-0:L-glutamate ligase puts a glutamate residue at the -COOH end, producing Coenzyme F₄₂₀-1. * Coenzyme F420-1:gamma-L-glutamate ligase puts a gamma-glutamate residue at the -COOH end, producing Coenzyme F₄₂₀-2, the final compound (in its oxidized form).

Biosynthesis

See also

References

External links