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''Coenogonium'' is a
The genus is quite well known in continental areas that border the Caribbean, such as Florida and Costa Rica. About half of the world's biodiversity of this genus occurs in Brazil.
*'' Coenogonium aciculatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium agonimioides''
*'' Coenogonium albomarginatum''
*'' Coenogonium antonianum''
*'' Coenogonium atroluteum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium aurantiacum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium bacilliferum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatellum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium beaverae''
*'' Coenogonium borinquense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium botryosum''
*'' Coenogonium brasiliense''
*'' Coenogonium bryophilum'' – Australia
*'' Coenogonium byssothallinum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium chloroticum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium ciliatum''
*'' Coenogonium confervoides''
*'' Coenogonium convexum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium coppinsii'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium coralloideum''
*'' Coenogonium coronatum''
*'' Coenogonium curvulum''
*'' Coenogonium dattatreyense''
*'' Coenogonium davidii''
*'' Coenogonium degeneri''
*'' Coenogonium dilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium dimorphicum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium disciforme'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium eximium'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium fallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium flammeum''
*'' Coenogonium flavicans''
*'' Coenogonium flavovirens''
*'' Coenogonium flavoviride''
*'' Coenogonium flavum''
*'' Coenogonium frederici''
*'' Coenogonium fruticulosum'' – New Zealand
*'' Coenogonium fuscescens''
*'' Coenogonium geralense'' – pantropical
*'' Coenogonium hainanense'' – China
*'' Coenogonium hypophyllum''
*'' Coenogonium implexum''
*'' Coenogonium interplexum''
*'' Coenogonium interpositum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiatum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiiferum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiigerum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiosum''
*'' Coenogonium kalbii'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium kawanae''
*'' Coenogonium kiggaense''
*'' Coenogonium labyrinthicum''
*'' Coenogonium linkii''
*'' Coenogonium lisowskii''
*'' Coenogonium lueckingii''
*'' Coenogonium luteocitrinum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium luteolum'' – Europe
*'' Coenogonium lutescens''
*'' Coenogonium luteum''
*'' Coenogonium magdalenae'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium maritimum'' – Florida
*'' Coenogonium minidenticulatum''
*'' Coenogonium minimum''
*'' Coenogonium minutissimum''
*'' Coenogonium moniliforme''
*'' Coenogonium nepalense'' – Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium perminutum''
*'' Coenogonium persistens'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium pertenue''
*'' Coenogonium piliferum''
*'' Coenogonium pineti''
*'' Coenogonium platysporum''
*'' Coenogonium pocsii'' – African Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium portoricense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium pulchrum''
*'' Coenogonium pusillum''
*'' Coenogonium pyrophthalmum''
*'' Coenogonium queenslandicum'' – eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium riparium''
*'' Coenogonium roumeguerianum''
*'' Coenogonium rubrofuscum''
*'' Coenogonium saepincola'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium seychellense''
*'' Coenogonium siquirrense''
*'' Coenogonium stenosporum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium stramineum''
*'' Coenogonium strigosum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium subborinquense'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium subdentatum'' – Neotropics; eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium subdilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subfallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium subluteum''
*'' Coenogonium subsquamosum''
*'' Coenogonium subzonatum''
*'' Coenogonium tanzanicum''
*'' Coenogonium tavaresianum''
*'' Coenogonium theae''
*'' Coenogonium upretianum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium usambarense'' – African and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium verrucimarginatum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium verrucosum'' – South America
*'' Coenogonium vezdanum''
*'' Coenogonium weberi''
*'' Coenogonium wernerhuberi'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium wrightii''
*'' Coenogonium zonatum''
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of crustose lichen
Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichens consists of a cor ...
s in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nest
Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattod ...
s. The genus was circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German Natural history, naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopy, microscopist. Ehrenberg was an Evangelicalism, evangelist and was considered to ...
.
''Coenogonium'' has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
areas. Most species grow in tropical rain forests in the shaded understorey
In forestry and ecology, understory (American English), or understorey (Commonwealth English), also known as underbrush or undergrowth, includes plant life growing beneath the forest canopy without penetrating it to any great extent, but abo ...
. They typically inhabit tree trunks, branches, lianas, and leaves.
Description
Although members of ''Coenogonium'' are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized by biatorine (rarely zeorine), yellow to orange or brownapothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are mos ...
with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, partially amyloid
Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology of 7–13 nm in diameter, a beta sheet (β-sheet) secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. In the huma ...
hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green then red-brown), thin-walled unitunicate asci, and 1-septate
In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate.
Examples
Human anatomy
* Interatr ...
or rarely non-septate ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or ...
s. The photobiont
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...
from the family Trentepohliaceae
Trentepohliaceae are a family of green algae in the order Trentepohliales.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Instit ...
. The structure of the ''Coenogonium'' thallus is largely determined by the algal partner.
Similar genera include '' Malcolmiella'', which differs mainly by having amyloid asci with a thickened tholus and non-septate, usually longer and broader ascospores with an ornamented perispore; '' Absconditella'', which has a chlorococcoid photobiont and non-amyloid asci; and '' Cryptodiscus'', which has '' Gloeocystis'' as photobiont, amyloid asci with a thickened apex and non-septate paraphyses.
Research
Species of ''Coenogonium'' have frequently used in morphological/anatomical and ecophysiological studies. Examples include thallus growth, apothecial development,ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a co ...
, photobiont and resynthesis in culture, and photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored i ...
. The filamentous thalli of ''Coenogonium'' serve as a home for diatoms and other microorganisms. Johannes Müller Argoviensis
Johann Müller (9 May 1828 - 28 January 1896) was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names.
Biography
Müller w ...
even used his erroneous interpretation of the thallus organization of filamentous ''Coenogonium'' to oppose Simon Schwendener's theory of the symbiotic nature of lichens.
Species
The genus is quite well known in continental areas that border the Caribbean, such as Florida and Costa Rica. About half of the world's biodiversity of this genus occurs in Brazil.
*'' Coenogonium aciculatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium agonimioides''
*'' Coenogonium albomarginatum''
*'' Coenogonium antonianum''
*'' Coenogonium atroluteum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium aurantiacum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium bacilliferum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatellum''
*'' Coenogonium barbatum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium beaverae''
*'' Coenogonium borinquense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium botryosum''
*'' Coenogonium brasiliense''
*'' Coenogonium bryophilum'' – Australia
*'' Coenogonium byssothallinum'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium chloroticum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium ciliatum''
*'' Coenogonium confervoides''
*'' Coenogonium convexum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium coppinsii'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium coralloideum''
*'' Coenogonium coronatum''
*'' Coenogonium curvulum''
*'' Coenogonium dattatreyense''
*'' Coenogonium davidii''
*'' Coenogonium degeneri''
*'' Coenogonium dilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium dimorphicum'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium disciforme'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium eximium'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium fallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium flammeum''
*'' Coenogonium flavicans''
*'' Coenogonium flavovirens''
*'' Coenogonium flavoviride''
*'' Coenogonium flavum''
*'' Coenogonium frederici''
*'' Coenogonium fruticulosum'' – New Zealand
*'' Coenogonium fuscescens''
*'' Coenogonium geralense'' – pantropical
*'' Coenogonium hainanense'' – China
*'' Coenogonium hypophyllum''
*'' Coenogonium implexum''
*'' Coenogonium interplexum''
*'' Coenogonium interpositum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiatum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiiferum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiigerum''
*'' Coenogonium isidiosum''
*'' Coenogonium kalbii'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium kawanae''
*'' Coenogonium kiggaense''
*'' Coenogonium labyrinthicum''
*'' Coenogonium linkii''
*'' Coenogonium lisowskii''
*'' Coenogonium lueckingii''
*'' Coenogonium luteocitrinum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium luteolum'' – Europe
*'' Coenogonium lutescens''
*'' Coenogonium luteum''
*'' Coenogonium magdalenae'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium maritimum'' – Florida
*'' Coenogonium minidenticulatum''
*'' Coenogonium minimum''
*'' Coenogonium minutissimum''
*'' Coenogonium moniliforme''
*'' Coenogonium nepalense'' – Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium perminutum''
*'' Coenogonium persistens'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium pertenue''
*'' Coenogonium piliferum''
*'' Coenogonium pineti''
*'' Coenogonium platysporum''
*'' Coenogonium pocsii'' – African Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium portoricense'' – Puerto Rico
*'' Coenogonium pulchrum''
*'' Coenogonium pusillum''
*'' Coenogonium pyrophthalmum''
*'' Coenogonium queenslandicum'' – eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium riparium''
*'' Coenogonium roumeguerianum''
*'' Coenogonium rubrofuscum''
*'' Coenogonium saepincola'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium seychellense''
*'' Coenogonium siquirrense''
*'' Coenogonium stenosporum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium stramineum''
*'' Coenogonium strigosum'' – Neotropics
*'' Coenogonium subborinquense'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium subdentatum'' – Neotropics; eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium subdilucidum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subdilutum''
*'' Coenogonium subfallaciosum''
*'' Coenogonium subluteum''
*'' Coenogonium subsquamosum''
*'' Coenogonium subzonatum''
*'' Coenogonium tanzanicum''
*'' Coenogonium tavaresianum''
*'' Coenogonium theae''
*'' Coenogonium upretianum'' – Brazil
*'' Coenogonium usambarense'' – African and eastern Paleotropics
*'' Coenogonium verrucimarginatum'' – Thailand
*'' Coenogonium verrucosum'' – South America
*'' Coenogonium vezdanum''
*'' Coenogonium weberi''
*'' Coenogonium wernerhuberi'' – Costa Rica
*'' Coenogonium wrightii''
*'' Coenogonium zonatum''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q10456565, from2=Q2981793 Gyalectales Gyalectales genera Lichen genera Taxa described in 1820 Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg