Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by D
p, D
2 or 06 (in the
Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1026 (
von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot
uncial
Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one ...
manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...
of the
New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
, written in an
uncial
Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one ...
hand on
vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. Parchment is another term for this material, from which vellum is sometimes distinguished, when it is made from calfskin, as opposed to that made from other anima ...
. The Greek and Latin texts are on facing pages, thus it is a "''
diglot
A polyglot is a book that contains Parallel text, side-by-side versions of the same text in several different languages. Some editions of the Bible or its parts are polyglots, in which the Hebrew language, Hebrew and Greek language, Greek origina ...
''" manuscript, like
Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis. The Latin text is designated by ''d'' (traditional system) or by 75 in
Beuron
Beuron (Swabian: ''Beira'') is a municipality in the district of Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Beuron is known for the Beuron Archabbey and the Beuron Art School for religious art.
Geography
Beuron is divided into subdistricts ( ...
system.
Description
The codex contains the
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extan ...
on 533 leaves, . The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page.
At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings.
The codex is dated palaeographically to the 5th or 6th century.[ and D. C. Parker, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 259.]
The ''Codex Claromontanus'' contains further documents:
* A stichometric catalogue of the Old Testament and New Testament canon, known as the ''Catalogus Claromontanus'', of uncertain date, has been inserted in the codex. The list omits '' Philippians'', '' 1'' and '' 2 Thessalonians'', and ''Hebrews
The terms ''Hebrews'' (Hebrew: / , Modern: ' / ', Tiberian: ' / '; ISO 259-3: ' / ') and ''Hebrew people'' are mostly considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still no ...
'', but includes several works no longer considered canonical: ''Epistle of Barnabas
The ''Epistle of Barnabas'' ( el, Βαρνάβα Ἐπιστολή) is a Greek epistle written between AD 70 and 132. The complete text is preserved in the 4th-century ''Codex Sinaiticus'', where it appears immediately after the New Testament an ...
'', ''The Shepherd of Hermas
''The Shepherd of Hermas'' ( el, Ποιμὴν τοῦ Ἑρμᾶ, ''Poimēn tou Herma''; la, Pastor Hermae), sometimes just called ''The Shepherd'', is a Christian literary work of the late first half of the second century, considered a valuab ...
'', ''Acts of Paul
The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament apocrypha also known as Apocryphal Acts. This work is part of a body of literature either about or purporting to be written by Paul the Apost ...
'', and '' Revelation of Peter''. The two epistles of Peter are listed as if they were epistles of Paul
Paul may refer to:
*Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
*Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chris ...
to Peter
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a sur ...
(''"ad Petrum"''). The Epistle to the Hebrews follows after this catalogue.
* Two palimpsest
In textual studies, a palimpsest () is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off so that the page can be reused for another document. Parchment was made of lamb, calf, or kid skin an ...
leaves (nos. 162 and 163) are overwritten on fragments of the ''Phaethon'' of Euripides
Euripides (; grc, Εὐριπίδης, Eurīpídēs, ; ) was a tragedian
Tragedy (from the grc-gre, τραγῳδία, ''tragōidia'', ''tragōidia'') is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful e ...
, faintly legible under the Christian text. They have been detached from the codex and in the Bibliothèque nationale de France
The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository ...
are designated Cod. Gr. 107 B.[
]
Text
The Greek text of this codex
The codex (plural codices ) was the historical ancestor of the modern book. Instead of being composed of sheets of paper, it used sheets of vellum, papyrus, or other materials. The term ''codex'' is often used for ancient manuscript books, with ...
is highly valued by critics as representing an early form of the text in the Western text-type
In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac Peshitta translations from the Greek, and also in quotations ...
, characterized by frequent interpolations and, to a lesser extent, interpretive revisions presented as corrections to this text. Modern critical editions of the New Testament texts are produced by an eclectic method
Eclectic Method is the name of an audio-visual remix act, originally formed in London in 2001 by Jonny Wilson. Geoff Gamlen and Ian Edgar. Wilson is the sole remaining member.
History
Inspired almost entirely by Jonny's early experiences with ...
, where the preferred reading is determined on a case-by-case basis, from among numerous variants offered by the early manuscripts and versions.
In this process, ''Claromontanus'' is often employed as a sort of "outside mediator" in collating the more closely related, that is mutually dependent, codices containing the Pauline epistles: Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manu ...
(A), Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...
(B), Codex Sinaiticus
The Codex Sinaiticus (Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts) ...
(), and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) designated by the siglum C or 04 {in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 3 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a ma ...
(C). In a similar way, Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is used in establishing the history of texts of the Gospels
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words an ...
and ''Acts
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message ...
''.
The text is written colometrically and the order of the epistles to the Colossians
The Epistle to the Colossians is the twelfth book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy, and addressed to the church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately fr ...
and Philippians has been reversed compared to other texts. Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the '' Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textua ...
placed the text of the codex in Category II.[
In Romans 1:8 it has textual variant περι (along with א A B C K 33 81 1506 1739 1881), but a corrector changed this into υπερ, as in G Ψ Byz.
In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, G, 1739, 1881, itd, g, copsa, bo, eth); corrector b changed it into Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν (as A, Ψ, 81, ]629
__NOTOC__
Year 629 ( DCXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 629 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
, 2127, vg); corrector c changed it into Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (as אc, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326
{{M1 year in topic
__NOTOC__
Year 326 ( CCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Constantinus (or, ...
, 330, ( 436 omit μη), 456, 614
__NOTOC__
Year 614 ( DCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 614 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
, 630
Year 630 ( DCXXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 630 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the ...
, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect).
In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1029 ( von Soden) is a 9th-century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.
Description
The ...
, Codex Boernerianus 5 it d,g, Origen
Origen of Alexandria, ''Ōrigénēs''; Origen's Greek name ''Ōrigénēs'' () probably means "child of Horus" (from , "Horus", and , "born"). ( 185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an Early Christianity, early Christian scholar, ...
lat. The second corrector changed it into κυριω.
In Romans 15:31 it reads δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus
The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...
and Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by G, G or 012 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), α 1028 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in ...
(Greek column).
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with 𝔓11, 𝔓46, א*, A, B, C, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'').
The section 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type ( Augiensis, Boernerianus, 88, itd, g, and some manuscripts of Vulgate).
In 1 Timothy 3:1 it reads ανθρωπινος (''human'' or ''of a man'') — itb,d,g,m,mon Ambrosiaster Jeromemss Augustine
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berbers, Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia (Roman pr ...
Speculum; majority has πιστος (''faithful'').
History
The Codex is preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 107), at Paris.
It was named by the Calvinist
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
scholar Theodore Beza
Theodore Beza ( la, Theodorus Beza; french: Théodore de Bèze or ''de Besze''; June 24, 1519 – October 13, 1605) was a French Calvinist Protestant theologian, reformer and scholar who played an important role in the Protestant Reformatio ...
because he procured it in the town of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
Clermont () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. Clermont-de-l'Oise station has rail connections to Amiens, Creil and Paris.
History
Clermont was also known as Clermont-en-Beauvaisis or Clermont-de-l'Oise. The town is built ...
, Oise
Oise ( ; ; pcd, Oése) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called ''Oisiens'' () or ''Isariens'', after the Latin name for the river, Isara. It had a population of 829,419 ...
, in the Picardy
Picardy (; Picard and french: Picardie, , ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France.
Hi ...
region north of Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
. Beza was the first to examine it, and he included notes of some of its readings in his editions of the New Testament
The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...
. The later history of its use by editors of the Greek New Testament can be found in the links and references.
The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob Griesbach Johann Jakob Griesbach (4 January 1745 – 24 March 1812) was a German biblical textual critic. Griesbach's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism, in which he inaugurated a new epoch. His solution to the synoptic problem bears his name ...
[J. J. Griesbach]
''Symbolae criticae ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. lectionum collectiones''
(Halle, 1793), pp. 31-77. and Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (von) Tischendorf (18 January 18157 December 1874) was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus a ...
, who edited the Greek text of the codex. Paul Sabatier Paul Sabatier may refer to:
*Paul Sabatier (chemist) (1854–1941), French chemist and Nobel Prize winner
*Paul Sabatier (theologian)
Charles Paul Marie Sabatier (3 or 9 August 1858 – 5 March 1928), was a French clergyman and historian who prod ...
edited the Latin text of the codex.
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann
Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann (28 November 1772 – 31 December 1848) was a German classical scholar and philologist. He published his works under the name Gottfried Hermann or its Latin equivalent .
Biography
He was born in Leipzig. Entering ...
published in 1821 the palimpsest text of the leaves 162–163.
Images
File:Codex Claromontanus 467v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 1 (page 467 ''verso'')
File:Codex Claromontanus 468r.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 2 (page 468 ''recto'')
File:Codex Claromontanus 468v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 3 (page 468 ''verso'')
File:Claromontanus 2 greek.jpg, The Greek text of Colossians
The Epistle to the Colossians is the twelfth book of the New Testament. It was written, according to the text, by Paul the Apostle and Timothy, and addressed to the church in Colossae, a small Phrygian city near Laodicea and approximately fr ...
1:28-2:3
File:Codex claromontanus 2 latin.jpg, The Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
text of Colossians 1:28-2:3
File:Codex claromontanus 3 greek.jpg, The Greek text of Colossians 4:17-18 (end)
See also
* Codex Sangermanensis
Codex Sangermanensis designated by Dabs1 or 0319 (in the numbering Gregory-Aland), α 1027 ( Soden), is a tenth-century diglot manuscript, formerly in the library of St. Germain des Prés, Paris, hence its name ''Sangermanensis'', "of Saint Ge ...
* Uncial 0320
* List of New Testament uncials
A New Testament uncial is a section of the New Testament in Greek or Latin majuscule letters, written on parchment or vellum. This style of writing is called ''Biblical Uncial'' or ''Biblical Majuscule''.
New Testament uncials are distinct fro ...
* List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
The following articles contain lists of New Testament manuscripts:
In Coptic
* List of Coptic New Testament manuscripts
In Greek
* List of New Testament papyri
* List of New Testament uncials
* List of New Testament minuscules
** List of N ...
* Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in ...
References
Further reading
* Alexander Souter
''The Original Home of Codex Claromontanus (D Paul)''
JTS VI (1904-1905), pp. 240–243.
*
* Trobisch, David
''The Oldest Extant Editions of the Letters of Paul'' 1999
(e-text online).
* Berschin, Walter
ch. 6 of ''Greek Letters and the Latin Middle Ages: From Jerome to Nicholas of Cusa'': diglot mss in the West.
*
''Fac-similés de manuscrits grecs, latins et français du 5e au 14e siècle, exposés dans la Galerie Mazarine''
(Paris 1900), Plates III, IV.
External links
* The Bibliothèque nationale de France has all the images o
Codex Claromontanus online
* R. Waltz
Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism
Codex Claromontanus
More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
{{Authority control
Claromontanus
Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Bibliothèque nationale de France collections