Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union

The State Emblem of the Soviet Union; be, Дзяржаўны герб СССР; kk, ССРО мемлекеттік елтаңбасы; lt, TSRS Valstybinis herbas; lv, PSRS valsts ģerbonis; et, NSVL riigivapp} was adopted in 1923 and was used until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Although it technically is an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditional heraldic rules, in Russian it is called (), the word used for a traditional coat of arms.

It was the first state insignia created in the style known as socialist heraldry, a style also seen in emblems of other socialist countries such as the emblem of the People's Republic of China.

History

Creation

In the autumn of 1922, the Commission for the Development of Soviet Symbolics began its work in Goznak. In those days, compositions of the first Soviet brands and banknotes were created. On 10 January 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR established a commission for the development of the state emblem and flag. At the same time, the CEC defined the main elements of the state symbols of the union: the sun, the sickle and hammer, the motto "Proletarians of all countries, unite!".

In February 1923, the order for the creation of the coat of arms was handed over to Goznak. The artists of Goznak presented their variants, sketches of the projects of the coat of arms of artists DS Golyadkin, Ya.B. Dreyer, N.N. Kochury, V.D. Kupriyanov, P. Rumyantsev, AG Yakimchenko, I. Shadra. An interesting project was presented by artist K.I. Dunin-Borkovsky - he, as an adherent of classical heraldry, represented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic shield with a sickle and a hammer.

Rejected proposals

During the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic, Vladimir Lenin and his comrades had considered the inclusion of a sword symbol in addition to the hammer and sickle as part of the state seal on which the flag was eventually based. The idea was dismissed as too visually aggressive, with Lenin apparently affirming, "A sword is not one of our symbols."

Successful proposals

The project by the head of the artistic and reproduction department of Goznak, V. N. Adrianov, is very close to the design of the officially approved state emblem of the Soviet Union. He suggested that an image of the globe should be included in the coat of arms, to represent membership of the Soviet Union being open to all nations of the world.

On 28 June 1923, he replaced the previously planned monogram "СССР" with a red star at the top of the proposed emblem.

Approval

The design of the successful proposed emblem was redrawn by Ivan Dubasov. In his first draft, slogans were placed on a red ribbon covering the lower part of the coat of arms. Then it was decided to place mottos in 6 languages on the tape interceptions.

First version (1923–1936)

The project of the first version of the state emblem was accepted on 6 July 1923 by the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee (CIK) and the version was completed on 22 September of that year. This design was fixed in the 1924 Soviet Constitution: "The State Emblem of the USSR is composed of a sickle and a hammer on a globe depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of wheat, with the inscription "proletarians of the world, unite!" in six languages—Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani. At the top of the Emblem is a five-pointed star."

The emblem was created by Vladimir Adrianov and finished by Ivan Dubasov. In 1931, Tajik was added after the formation of the Tajik SSR in 1929.

Second version (1936–1946)

According to the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the USSR consisted of eleven republics. Hence the major new version's difference from the previous one was eleven ribbons bearing USSR State Motto inscriptions in eleven languages. The languages added were Turkmen, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tajik.

Third version (1946–1956)

The number of republics in the USSR became 16 after September 1939, before Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union began in June 1941, but the state emblem was changed to reflect this only after the end of the Second World War. By a Decision of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 26 June 1946, all 16 constituent republics were represented on the emblem. The USSR State Motto was inscribed on 16 ribbons in 16 languages. Inscriptions in Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kazakh, Kyrgyz languages were updated due to the transfer from Latin to Cyrillic script of the respective languages within the USSR. Also, several language from new republics were added: Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian Cyrillic ( Moldavian), and Finnish.

Fourth and final version (1956–1991)

In 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into the Karelo-Finnish ASSR, and soon this was reflected on the USSR state emblem. By a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 12 September 1956, the ribbon bearing the USSR State Motto in Finnish was removed.

A minor change in the Belarusian inscription was a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 1 April 1958.

Inscriptions on the ribbons (which are translated into English as "''Proletarians of the world, unite!''") are as follows:

} ()
, et, Kõigi maade proletaarlased, ühinege!
, -
, tg, Пролетарҳои ҳамаи мамлакатҳо, як шавед! ()
, hy, Պրոլետարներ բոլոր երկրների, միացե՜ք ()
, -
, lv, Visu zemju proletārieši, savienojieties!
, ky, Бардык өлкөлөрдүн пролетарлары, бириккиле! ()
, -
, lt, Visų šalių proletarai, vienykitės!
, Moldovan Cyrillic: Пролетарь дин тоатe цэриле, уници-вэ! ()
, -
, ka, პროლეტარებო ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! ()
, az, Бүтүн өлкәләрин пролетарлары, бирләшин!, italics=no ()
, -
, uz, Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! ()
, kk, Барлық елдердің пролетарлары, бірігіңдер! ()
, -
, uk, Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! ()
, be, Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! ()
, -
, colspan="2" style="text-align:center" , russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! ()

The coat of arms continued to appear after the dissolution of the Soviet Union even in Soviet ruble banknotes until 1994 when many post-Soviet states began to issue its own currencies. Public usage of the Soviet emblem formally ended in 2002 when Russia and other former republics ceased issuing Soviet passports. It continues to appear in public places within Russian territory.

Description

The state emblem shows the traditional Soviet emblems of the Hammer and Sickle and the Red Star over a globe, and two wreaths of emmer wheat covered by "Workers of the world, unite!" in the official languages of the Soviet Republics, in the reverse order they were mentioned in the Soviet Constitution.

Each Soviet Republic (SSR) and Autonomous Soviet Republic (ASSR) had its own coat of arms, largely inspired by the state emblem of the Union.

Gallery

File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1923–1936.svg, 1922–1929
File:Coat of arms of USSR 1929–1936.svg, 1929–1936
File:Coat of arms of USSR 1936–1946.svg, 1936–1946
File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1946-1956).svg, 1946–1956
File:State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg, 1956–1991

See also

*Emblems of the Soviet Republics
*State Quality Mark of the USSR
*Flag of the Soviet Union
*Emblem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
*Coat of arms of Russia
*National Emblem of the People's Republic of China
*National emblem of East Germany

Notes

References

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National symbols of the Soviet Union
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