Bombus soroeensis - Campanula glomerata - Keila

''Campanula glomerata'', known by the common names clustered bellflower or Dane's blood, is a

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

of flowering plant in the

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

'' Campanula'', belonging to the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belo ...

. It is the

county flower In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to ...

of Rutland,

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

Etymology

The etymology of this plant is quite intuitive: the genus Latin name (“campanula”), meaning small bell, refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific name (''glomerata'') refers to the tight grouping of the flowers at the top of the stem.

Description

''Campanula glomerata'' is a

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...

herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent wood, woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennial plant, perennials, and nearly all Annual plant, annuals and Biennial plant, biennials. Definition ...

growing to a height of , with a maximum of . The stem is simple, erect and shortly pubescent, basal leaves are petiolated, oval-lanceolate and lightly heart-shaped (

cordate Cordate is an adjective meaning ' heart-shaped' and is most typically used for: * Cordate (leaf shape) The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a ...

), while cauline leaves are lanceolate, sessile and '' amplexicaul''. The inflorescence is formed by 15-20 sessile, actinomorphic and hermaphrodite single flowers of about 2 to 3 cm. They are in terminal racemes or in the axils of upper leaves, surrounded by an involucre of bracts. The corolla is campanulate and pubescent with five dark violet-blue or purplish-blue petals. Flowering period is from June to September.

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to the North Temperate Zone of Eurasia, from Britain to Japan. In Europe it is present almost everywhere except the extreme north. In North America the plant is naturalized. This plant can be found in forests or dry grasslands, in scrub and open woodland, in grassy but not too wet places, in the edges of woods and along the margins of roads and trails. It prefers calcareous soils, at an altitude up to above sea level.

Subspecies

According to WCSP, 15 subspecies are recognized: *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'' -

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

to NW. China *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''cervicarioides'' (Schult.) Arcang. (1882) - S.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''serotina'' (Wettst.) O.Schwarz (1949) - S.

Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Swi ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'' (Rochel ex Besser) Kirschl. (1852) -

to E.

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''elliptica'' (Kit. ex Schult.) Kirschl. (1851) -

Carpathians The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...

to C.

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

and

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''subcapitata'' (Popov) Fed. (1973) - E.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''hispida'' (Witasek) Hayek (1930) - N. Balkan Pen. to

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (Trautv.) Ogan. (1995) - NE.

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''oblongifolia'' (K.Koch) Fed. (1972) - E.

to NE.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''oblongifolioides'' (Galushko) Ogan. (1995) -

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''symphytifolia'' (Albov) Ogan. (1995) - W.

Transcaucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Arme ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''panjutinii'' (Kolak.) Victorov (2002) - W.

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''krylovii'' Olonova (1999) - W.

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''daqingshanica'' D.Y.Hong & Y.Z.Zhao (1983) -

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...

*''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'' (Hornem. ex Spreng.) Domin (1936) - S.

to Japan ( Kyushu)

Cultivation

The plant is widely cultivated in gardens, with flowers in a range of colours including white, pink, blue and purple. Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, including 'Joan Elliott' (with large violet flowers) and the white-flowered 'Schneekrone'. The vigorous cultivar 'Superba', growing to , with rich blue flowers, has gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...

's Award of Garden Merit. The pale purple cluster-flowered 'Caroline' has also won the award.

Gallery

File:Funchal Botanischer Garten - Campanula glomerata IMG 1758.JPG,

Funchal Funchal () is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high ...

: Botanical garden File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-1.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-2.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-3.JPG, File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-4.JPG, Cauline leaf with a flower in the axil File:Campanulaceae - Campanula glomerata-5.JPG, Basal leaf File: Campanula glomerata at Ludwika, Sweden.jpg,

Synonyms

*''Campanula aggregata'' Willd. ex Schlecht. (1813) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula cervicarioides'' Schultes in Roemer & Schultes (1819) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''cervicarioide'') *''Campanula congesta'' Schultes in Roemer & Schultes (1819) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula farinosa'' Andrz. in Besser (1821) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''aggregata'' (Willd.) Kirschleger (1851) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''cephalotes'' (Fisch. ex Schrank) D.Y.Hong (1983) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' subsp. ''congesta'' (Roemer & Schultes) Schubler & Martens (1834) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''aggregata'' (Willd.) Koch (1846) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''congesta'' (Roemer & Schultes) Rouy (1908) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''glomerata'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''dahurica'' Fisch. ex Ker-Gawl. (1822) ( synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'') *''Campanula glomerata'' var. ''farinosa'' (Andrz.) Koch (1846) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula glaucophylla'' Schlosser & Vukot. (1875) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''farinosa'') *''Campanula speciosa'' Hornem. (1815) (synonym = ''C. glomerata'' subsp. ''speciosa'')

References

* Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982, Vol. II, pag. 682

External links

Biolib

Campanula glomerata

USDA Profile

Missouri Botanical Garden

Kew Plant List
{{Taxonbar, from=Q158045 glomerata Flora of France Flora of China Flora of Denmark Flora of Estonia Flora of Germany Flora of Greece Flora of Iran Flora of Iraq Flora of Italy Flora of Japan Flora of Korea Flora of Latvia Flora of Lithuania Flora of Mongolia Flora of Russia Flora of Spain Flora of Turkey Flora of the United Kingdom Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus