Clupeiformes is the order of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...
that includes the
herring
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae.
Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, i ...
family,
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production of ...
, and the
anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...
family,
Engraulidae
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...
. The group includes many of the most important
forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used m ...
and
food fish
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is ingest ...
.
Clupeiformes are
physostome
Physostomes are fishes that have a pneumatic duct connecting the gas bladder to the alimentary canal. This allows the gas bladder to be filled or emptied via the mouth. This not only allows the fish to fill their bladder by gulping air, but also ...
s, which means that their
gas bladder
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth w ...
has a
pneumatic duct
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth wit ...
connecting it to the
gut. They typically lack a
lateral line
The lateral line, also called the lateral line organ (LLO), is a system of sensory organs found in fish, used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial ...
, but still have the eyes,
fins
A fin is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust, or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids. Fin ...
and
scales
Scale or scales may refer to:
Mathematics
* Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points
* Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original
* Scale factor, a number w ...
that are common to most fish, though not all fish have these attributes. They are generally silvery fish with streamlined, spindle-shaped, bodies, and they often
school
A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compuls ...
. Most species eat
plankton
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) that are unable to propel themselves against a Ocean current, current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankt ...
which they filter from the water with their
gill raker
Gill rakers in fish are bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch (gill arch) and are involved with suspension feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the gill filaments that compose the fleshy part of the ...
s.
The former order of Isospondyli was subsumed mostly by Clupeiformes, but some isospondylous fishes (isospondyls) were assigned to
Osteoglossiformes
Osteoglossiformes (Greek: "bony tongues") is a relatively primitive order of ray-finned fish that contains two sub-orders, the Osteoglossoidei and the Notopteroidei. All of at least 245 living species inhabit freshwater. They are found in South ...
,
Salmoniformes
Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish that constitutes the only currently extant family in the order Salmoniformes . It includes salmon (both Atlantic and Pacific species), trout (both ocean-going and landlocked), chars, freshwater whitefis ...
,
Cetomimiformes
The Cetomimiformes or whalefishes are an order of small, deep-sea ray-finned fish. Some authoritiesE.g. Nelson (2006) include the whalefishes as part of the order Stephanoberyciformes, within the superfamily Cetomimoidea. Their sister order, the ...
, etc.
Families
The order includes about 405 species in seven families:
* Order Clupeiformes
** Suborder Denticipitoidei
*** Family
Denticipitidae (denticle herring)
** Suborder Clupeoidei
*** Family
Engraulidae
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae. Most species are found in marine waters, but several will enter brackish water, and some in South America are restricted to fresh water.
More than 140 species are placed in 1 ...
(anchovies)
**** Subfamily
Coiliinae
**** Subfamily
Engraulinae
*** Family
Spratelloididae
*** Family
Pristigasteridae
Pristigasteridae is a family of ray-finned fish related to the herrings, including the genera ''Ilisha'', '' Pellona'', and '' Pristigaster''. One common name for the taxon is longfin herring. The taxonomic classification of this family is in dou ...
(longfin herrings)
**** Subfamily
Pristigasterinae
**** Subfamily
Pelloninae
*** Family
Chirocentridae
The wolf herrings are a family (Chirocentridae) of two marine species of ray-finned fish related to the herrings.
Both species have elongated bodies and jaws with long sharp teeth that facilitate their ravenous appetites, mostly for other fish. ...
(wolf herrings)
*** Family
Dussumieriidae
Dussumieriidae is a family of clupeiform fishes popularly called the "round herrings". It is now recognized by FishBase as a family in its own right; it had been considered to be a subfamily of Clupeidae. It contains two extant genera, and o ...
(round herrings)
*** Family
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production of ...
ncl. Sundasalangidae) (herrings, sardines, shads, and menhadens)
**** Subfamily Clupeinae">Sundasalangidae.html" ;"title="ncl. Sundasalangidae">ncl. Sundasalangidae) (herrings, sardines, shads, and menhadens)
**** Subfamily Clupeinae
**** Subfamily Ehiravinae
**** Subfamily Alosinae
**** Subfamily Dorosomatinae
**** Subfamily Pellonulinae
Timeline of genera
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from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
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** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl.
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
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color:latejurassic bar:NAM1 from:-161.2 till:-149.03 text: Pachythrissops
color:latejurassic bar:NAM2 from:-150.8 till:-149.03 text:Daitingichthys
''Daitingichthys'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the early Toarcian stage of the Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic Epoch (geology), Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic series (stra ...
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Ornategulum
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text: Scombroclupea
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color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:Knightia
''Knightia'' is an extinct genus of clupeid bony fish that lived in the freshwater lakes and rivers of North America and Asia during the Eocene epoch. The genus was erected by David Starr Jordan in 1907, in honor of the late University of Wyom ...
color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text: Hacquetia
color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Clupea
''Clupea'' is genus of planktivorous bony fish belonging to the family Clupeidae, commonly known as herrings. They are found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, including the Baltic Sea. Two main ...
color:eocene bar:NAM10 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Harengula
''Harengula'' is a genus of herrings that occur mostly in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, with one species in the eastern Pacific Ocean. There are currently four described species.
Species
* '' Harengula clupeola'' (C ...
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Chirocentrus
The wolf herrings are a family (Chirocentridae) of two marine species of ray-finned fish related to the herrings.
Both species have elongated bodies and jaws with long sharp teeth that facilitate their ravenous appetites, mostly for other fish. ...
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-48.6 till:0 text:Etrumeus
''Etrumeus'' is a genus of round herrings in the family, Dussumieriidae.
Species
There are currently seven recognized species in this genus:
* '' Etrumeus acuminatus'' Gilbert, 1890 (Eastern Pacific red-eye round herring)
* '' Etrumeus golanii' ...
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-48.6 till:0 text:Sardinella
''Sardinella'' is a genus of fish in the family Clupeidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. They are abundant in warmer waters of the tropical and subtropical oceans. Adults are generally coastal, schooling, marine fish but juveni ...
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-37.2 till:0 text:
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color:miocene bar:NAM18 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Stolephorus
color:miocene bar:NAM19 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Anchoa
color:miocene bar:NAM20 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Ilisha Ilisha may refer to:
* ''Ilisha'' (genus), a genus of fish
* ''Tenualosa ilisha
The ilish (''Tenualosa ilisha'') ( bn, ইলিশ, translit=iliś; also known as the ilishi, hilsa, hilsa herring or hilsa shad, is a species of fish related to ...
color:miocene bar:NAM21 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Sardinops
''Sardinops'' is a monotypic genus of sardines of the family Clupeidae. The only member of the genus is ''Sardinops sagax''. It is found in the Indo-Pacific and East Pacific oceans. Its length is up to . It has numerous common or vernacular names ...
color:miocene bar:NAM22 from:-15.97 till:0 text: Pseudohilsa
color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Alisea
color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Etringus
color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Ganoessus
color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text: Ganolytes
color:miocene bar:NAM27 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Quisque
''Quisque'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric herring that lived during the Upper Miocene subepoch. At least two species are known, ''Q. gilberti'', from what is now Southern California, and ''Q. bakeri'', from what is now Texas
Texas ( ...
color:miocene bar:NAM28 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Xyne
''Xyne'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric herring that lived during the Upper Miocene subepoch.
There are two species described: the type species, ''X. grex'', and a second, deeper-bodied species, ''X. fitgeri''.
Fossils are known from the ...
color:miocene bar:NAM29 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Engraulis
''Engraulis'' is a genus of anchovies. It currently contains nine species.
Species
* ''Engraulis albidus'' Borsa, Collet & J. D. Durand, 2004 (White anchovy)
* '' Engraulis anchoita'' C. L. Hubbs & Marini, 1935 (Argentine anchoita)
* '' Engr ...
color:miocene bar:NAM30 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Sarmatella
color:pliocene bar:NAM31 from:-5.332 till:-2.588 text: Austroclupea
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History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early
Early may refer to:
History
* The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.:
** Early Christianity
** Early modern Europe
Places in the United States
* Early, Iowa
* Early, Texas
* Early ...
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo.
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo.
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo.
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio.
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl.
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
*
{{Authority control
Ray-finned fish orders
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker