Clematis Bill Mackenzie1a

''Clematis'' is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids have been popular among gardeners, beginning with ''Clematis'' × ''jackmanii'', a garden standby since 1862; more hybrid cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, ''C. vitalba'', by the herbalist John Gerard; virgin's bower for '' C. terniflora'', '' C. virginiana'', and '' C. viticella''; old man's beard, applied to several with prominent seedheads; leather flower for those with fleshy petals; or vase vine for the North American ''Clematis viorna''.

Etymology

The genus name ''Clematis'' is from Ancient Greek κληματίς : ''clēmatís,'' ("a climbing plant") from κλήμα : ''klḗma'' – 'twig, sprout, tendril'. Over 250 species and cultivars are known, often named for their originators or particular characteristics.

Botany

The genus is composed of mostly vigorous, woody, climbing vines / lianas. The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old. Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs. Some species are shrubby, while others, like '' C. recta'', are herbaceous perennial plants. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen. They grow best in cool, moist, well-drained soil in full sun.

''Clematis'' species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rarely in the tropics. ''Clematis'' leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the willow beauty (''Peribatodes rhomboidaria'').

The timing and location of flowers varies; spring-blooming clematis flower on side shoots of the previous year's stems, summer/fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems, and twice-flowering clematis do both.

Taxonomy

The genus ''Clematis'' was first published by Carl Linnaeus in ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753,
the first species listed being '' Clematis viticella''. The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril.

''Archiclematis'' and ''Naravelia''

Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining ''Clematis'' were formerly segregated as the genera ''Archiclematis'' (1 species) and ''Naravelia'' (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in ''Clematis'', the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of ''Clematis''. ''Naravelia'' is a monophyletic group within ''Clematis''.

Species to be transferred include

*'' Clematis alternata'' syn. ''Archiclematis alternata''
*'' Clematis antonii'', syn. ''Naravelia antonii''
*'' Clematis dasyoneura'', syn. ''Naravelia dasyoneura''
*''Clematis horripilata'', syn. ''Naravelia laurifolia''
*''Clematis zeylanica'', syn. ''Naravelia zeylanica''

Species

A partial list of species:
*''Clematis addisonii'' Britt. – Addison's leather flower
*''Clematis akebioides'' (Maxim.) H.J.Veitch
*''Clematis albicoma'' Wherry – whitehair leather flower
*''Clematis alpina'' (L.) Mill. – alpine clematis
*''Clematis aristata'' – Australian clematis
*''Clematis armandii'' – Armand clematis
*''Clematis baldwinii'' Torr. & A.Gray – pine hyacinth
*''Clematis bigelovii'' Torr. – Bigelow clematis
*''Clematis brachiata'' Thunb. – traveller's joy
*''Clematis campaniflora'' Brot. – Portuguese clematis
*''Clematis catesbyana'' – satin curls
*''Clematis chinensis'' Osbeck – ''wei ling xian'' in Chinese ()
*''Clematis chrysocoma'' Franch. – gold wool clematis
*''Clematis cirrhosa'' L. – includes the 'Freckles', 'Wisley Cream', and 'Jingle Bells' cultivars
**''Clematis cirrhosa v. balearica'' (Balearic Islands)
*''Clematis coactilis'' (Fern.) Keener – Virginia whitehair leather flower
*''Clematis columbiana'' (Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray – British Columbia virgin's bower
*''Clematis crispa'' L. – swamp leather flower
*''Clematis cunninghamii''
*''Clematis dioica'' L. – ''cabellos de angel''
*''Clematis drummondii'' Torr. & A.Gray – Drummond clematis
*''Clematis durandii''
*''Clematis fawcettii''
*''Clematis flammula'' L. – fragrant virgin's bower
*''Clematis florida'' Thunb. – Asian clematis
*''Clematis foetida'' Raoul (1846) – New Zealand clematis
*''Clematis fremontii'' S.Watson – Fremont's leather flower
*''Clematis glaucophylla'' Small – whiteleaf leather flower
*''Clematis glycinoides'' – headache vine
*''Clematis gouriana'' – Indian traveller's joy
*''Clematis henryi'' Oliv.
*''Clematis hirsutissima'' Pursh – hairy clematis
*''Clematis hedysarifolia''
*''Clematis integrifolia'' L.
*''Clematis ispahanica Bioss''
*'' Clematis × jackmanii'' T.Moore – Jackman's clematis
*''Clematis koreana'' Kom. – Korean clematis
*''Clematis lanuginosa'' Lindl. & Paxton
*''Clematis lasiantha'' Nutt. – pipestem clematis
*''Clematis leptophylla''
*''Clematis ligusticifolia'' Nutt. – western white clematis, ''hierba de chivo''
*''Clematis linearifolia'' Steud.
*''Clematis macropetala'' Ledeb. – downy clematis
*''Clematis mandshurica''
*''Clematis marmoraria'' Sneddon – New Zealand dwarf clematis
*''Clematis microphylla'' – small-leaved clematis
*''Clematis montana'' Buch.-Ham. ex DC. – anemone clematis
*''Clematis morefieldii'' Kral – Huntsville vasevine
*''Clematis napaulensis'' DC.
*''Clematis occidentalis'' (Hornem.) DC. – western blue virginsbower
*''Clematis ochroleuca'' Ait. – curlyheads
*''Clematis orientalis'' L. – Chinese clematis
*''Clematis palmeri'' Rose – Palmer clematis
*''Clematis paniculata'' J.F.Gmel. – ''puawhananga''
*''Clematis patens'' C.Morren & Decne.
*''Clematis pauciflora'' Nutt. – ropevine clematis
*''Clematis pickeringii''
*''Clematis pitcheri'' Torr. & A.Gray – bluebill
*''Clematis pubescens'' Hügel ex Endl. – common clematis
*'' Clematis recta'' L. – ground clematis
*''Clematis reticulata'' Walter – netleaf leather flower
*''Clematis rhodocarpa'' Rose
*'' Clematis smilacifolia'' Wall.
*''Clematis socialis'' Kral – Alabama leather flower
*''Clematis stans'' Siebold & Zucc. – ''kusabotan''
*''Clematis tangutica'' (Maxim.) Korsh. – golden clematis
*'' Clematis terniflora'' DC. – sweet autumn clematis
*''Clematis texensis'' Buckley – scarlet leather flower
*''Clematis urophylla''
*''Clematis versicolor'' – manycolored leather flower
*''Clematis verticillaris'' – purple virgins bower
*''Clematis viorna'' L. – vasevine, traveller's joy
*'' Clematis virginiana'' L. – devil's darning needles, Virginia bower
* Bertol.
*''Clematis vitalba'' L. – traveller's joy, old man's beard
*''Clematis viticaulis'' E.Steele – Millboro leather flower
*'' Clematis viticella'' L. – Italian leather flower, purple clematis

Formerly placed here

*''Akebia trifoliata'' (Thunb.) Koidz. (as ''C. trifoliata'' Thunb.)

Subdivisions

One recent classification recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist.

Magnus Johnson divided ''Clematis'' into 19 sections, several with subsections. Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera ('' Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna''), several with sections and subsections within them. Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups. Thorncroft Clematis, published their catalogue of 2000 with 8 subdivisions of clematis which was refined by 2006 to 16, those being Armandii, Atragene, Cirrhosa, Diversifolia, Flammula, Florida, Forsteri, Heracleifolia, Integrifolia, Montana, Tangutica, Texensis, Viticella, Early Large Flowered, Late Large Flowered and Species. For the most part the gardening public can understand these groups easily and yet this grouping system also offers enough diversity to divide clematis into meaningful groups for classification purposes. The RHS published its International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002 which acknowledges Wim Snoeijer of The Netherlands as the proposer of some of these new groups and he also influenced Thorncroft Clematis in the way their subdivisions were established.

Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus ''Flammula'' as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, pergolas, or wall-mounted trellises, or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15 cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of ''C. patens'', ''C. lanuginosa'', and ''C. viticella''. Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards the natural flowering habit of ''C. patens'' or ''C. lanuginosa'' while later-flowering forms such as ×''jackmanii'' are nearer in habit to ''C. viticella''.

Garden history

''Clematis patens'' C.Morren ''et'' Decne. ( Kazaguruma), native to Japan, was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold. Today, it is the most frequently used species for developing large-flowered cultivars.

The wild ''Clematis'' species, such as ''Clematis florida'', native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by the 17th century. These species were also brought to Europe through Japan.

Japanese garden selections, mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China, were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens, in the 18th century, long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century.Coats (1964) 1992.

After it arrived in Europe, it acquired several meanings during the Victorian era, famous for its nuanced flower symbolism. It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty.

Cultivation

The climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls, fences, and other structures, and also to grow through other plants, such as shrubs and trees. Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover. Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers, clematis are among the most popular of all garden plants. Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues. Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. In theory, it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year. Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers, or decorative seed heads.

They will grow in any good garden soil. The roots usually require a moist, cool substrate, while the herbage can take full sun. Some more delicate cultivars such as 'Nelly Moser' do better in light shade. Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers.

Pruning

Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually. The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories:
*Vigorous species and early-flowering hybrids do not require pruning, other than to occasionally remove tangled growth (as in ''C. armandii'', ''C. montana'', and ''C. tangutica'')
*Large-flowered hybrids blooming in early summer on the previous season's growth can be pruned lightly in the dormant season for structure
*Late-flowering hybrids which bloom on the current season's growth can be pruned back to a pair of buds in the dormant season

Cultivars

Over 80 varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell-shaped flowers in spring, produced on the last year's growth. These include 'Markham's Pink', a pale pink breed.

In the early large-flowered group, which flower on the last year's growth, are:
* 'Arctic Queen' or 'Polar bear' (double white)
* 'Clematis Josephine' or 'Clematis Evijohill' (pinkish-mauve)
* 'Marie Boisselot' (white)
* 'Miss Bateman' (white with red stamens)
* 'Nelly Moser' (white with pink stripes)
* 'Niobe' (maroon)
* 'The President' (blue)

In the ''Clematis integrifolia'' group (or Integrifolia group) are non- or semiclimbing plants that flower on the current year's growth. These include the violet-pink 'Arabella'.

In the late large-flowered group, which flower on the current year's growth, are:
* 'Jackmanii' (purple)
* 'Polish spirit' (purple)
* 'Prince Charles' (violet)

In the ''Clematis montana'' group (or Montana group) are vigorous climbers that flower in spring, such as:
* 'Mayleen (pale pink)
* ''Clematis montana'' var. ''grandiflora'' (white)
* ''Clematis montana'' var. ''rubens'' 'Tetrarose' (rose pink with green stamens)

In the '' Clematis viticella'' group (or Viticella group) are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year's growth, such as:
* 'Alba Luxurians' (white)
* 'Betty Corning' (pale lilac pink)
* 'Madame Julia Correvon' (crimson)
* 'Purpurea Plena Elegans' (purple double)

Other breeds include:
* 'Princess Diana' of the ''Clematis texensis'' or Texensis group (deep pink)
* ×''triternata rubromarginata'' (white & purple)

For further details see the List of Award of Garden Merit clematis.

Horticultural classification

This follows the classification adopted by V. Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002, except that ''C. ispahanica'', now considered to have been included in error, has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group.
*Small-flowered Division: Flowers (1.5–)2–12(–18) cm across
**Armandii Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subsection Meyenianae (Tamura) M. Johnson, mainly ''C. armandii''.
**Atragene Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subgenus Atragene (L.) Torrey & A. Gray, such as ''C. alpina, C. chiisanensis, C. fauriei, C. koreana, C. macropetala, C. ochotensis, C. sibirica, C. turkestanica''. The former Alpina Group and Macropetala Group are included here. Historically, the Alpina Group was used for single-flowered cultivars, and double-flowered cultivars were assigned to the Macropetala Group.
**Cirrhosa Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived mainly from, ''C. cirrhosa''.
**Flammula Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Flammula DC. (excluding subsection Meyenianae (Tamura)M. Johnson), such as ''C. angustifolia, C. flammula, C. recta, C. terniflora''.
**Forsteri Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Novae-zeelandiae M. Johnson (native to Australia and New Zealand) such as ''C. australis, C. foetida, C. forsteri, C. marata, C. marmoraria, C. paniculata, C. petriei''.
**Heracleifolia Group:Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subgenus Tubulosa (Decne.) Grey-Wilson, such as ''C. heracleifolia, C. stans, C. tubulosa''.
**Integrifolia Group:Cultivars belonging to, or derived mainly from, ''C. integrifolia''. Includes the Diversifolia Group (which covered ''C.'' × ''diversifolia'' (''C. integrifolia'' × ''C. viticella'') and its cultivars).
**Montana Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Montanae (Schneider) Grey-Wilson such as ''C. chrysocoma, C. montana, C. spooneri''.
**Tangutica Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Meclatis (Spach) Baill., such as ''C. intricata, C. ladakhiana, C. orientalis, C. serratifolia, C. tangutica, C. tibetana''. This Group has also been known as the Orientalis Group.
**Texensis Group: Cultivars derived from ''C. texensis'' crossed with representatives from either of the Large-flowered Groups.
**Viorna Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Viorna A. Gray, such as ''C. crispa, C. fusca, C. ianthina, C. pitcheri, C. reticulata, C. texensis, C. viorna''. Cultivars assigned to Texensis Group, and cultivars with ''C. integrifolia'' in their parentage, are excluded.
**Vitalba Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Clematis L., such as ''C. ligusticifolia, C. potaninii, C. vitalba, C. virginiana''.
**Viticella Group: Cultivars with at least one parent mainly derived from ''C. viticella''. Excludes hybrids between ''C. integrifolia'' and ''C. viticella'': see Integrifolia Group.
*Large-flowered Division: Flowers (5–)10–22(–29) cm across, usually flat.
**Early Large-flowered Group: Comprises the former Patens Group and Fortunei Group. Cultivars of the Patens Group were derived mainly from ''C. patens'', either directly or indirectly. They were characterized by producing flowers in spring on the previous year's wood, and often again in summer or early autumn on the current year's growth. The former Fortunei Group (also known as Florida Group, although it had nothing to do with ''C. florida'') comprised cultivars with double or semi-double flowers that were produced on the previous year's growth in spring. Hybridization has made it impossible to keep the original Groups separate: there are a number of cultivars that produce both single and double flowers, or that only produce semi-double or double flowers under certain conditions.
**Late Large-flowered Group: Comprises the former Lanuginosa Group and Jackmanii Group. Cultivars of the Lanuginosa Group were derived mainly from ''C. lanuginosa'', either directly or indirectly. The Jackmanii Group covered cultivars produced from a cross between ''C. viticella'' (or a derivative therefrom) and a member of the Patens Group. Both Groups produce their flowers on the current year's growth in summer and autumn. It is often impossible to say whether a cultivar belongs to the Lanuginosa Group or to the Jackmanii Group, due to hybridization and/or lack of information on the parentage, so it is not possible to maintain these Groups.

Use and toxicity

The European species did not enter into the herbalists' pharmacopeia. In the American Old West, the Western white clematis, ''Clematis ligusticifolia'', was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of ''yerba de chivato'' as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or ''Capsicum'', however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. ''C. ligusticifolia'' is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (''Clematis longicauda'' steud ex A. Rich. and ''Clematis burgensis'' Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents.

Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

Pests and diseases

''Clematis'' species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus ''Phoma clematidina'', causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it. The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of ''Puccinia recondita'' f.sp. ''tritici''. '' C. mandshurica'' specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories, and several of this genus are hosts for several other ''P. recondita'' strains and other '' Puccinia''. Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium.Buczacki, S. and Harris, K., ''Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Garden Plants'', HarperCollins, 1998, p65

References

Notes

Further reading

* Brickell, C., Ed. ''Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers''. Dorling Kindersley. 1989.
* Toomey, M. and E. Leeds
''An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clematis.''
Charles Chesshire (Timber Press).
* Ruth Gooc
''Clematis: The Complete Guide''. Crowood
Press 2001.
* Ruth & Jon Gooch
Clematis An Essential Guide
' Crowood Press 2011.

External links

American Bells - A guide to the species in subgenus ViornaAmerican Clematis SocietyClematis on the WebInternational Clematis Society
*
*, one of the Flowers of Loveliness for 1838 with an illustration (Clematis) by Thomas Uwins combined with poetry (The Clematis) by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

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Ranunculaceae genera
Vines
Garden plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus