) , image = Meitei and Latin transliterations of "Khamba Thoibi Sheireng".jpg , image_size = , caption = , subtitle =

National epic A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation—not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with as ...

of the Manipuris
National Romantic Legend of Manipur , author = :simple:Hijam Anganghal, Hijam Anganghal , original_title = , original_title_lang = mni , translator = #Translations, Dr. Jodhachandra Sanasam , written = 1940 , first = , illustrator = , cover_artist = , country = Manipur Kingdom (historical)
(current) , language = Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) , series = , subject = Meitei literature (Manipuri literature) , genre = Epic cycles of incarnations, Epic poetry,

, form = , meter = , rhyme = , publisher = , publication_date = 1940 , media_type = book , lines = 39,000 (8 volumes) , pages = , size_weight = , isbn = , oclc = , preceded_by = , followed_by = , wikisource = , orig_lang_code = mni , native_wikisource = The Khamba Thoibi Sheireng, also spelled as the Khamba Thoibi Seireng ( mni, , , Poem on Khamba Thoibi), is a Classical Meitei language epic poem based on the ancient love story of Khuman Salai, Khuman prince Khuman Khamba, Khamba and Moilang, Moirang princess Thoibi of Ancient Moirang kingdom of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). It is the magnum opus of :simple:Hijam Anganghal, Hijam Anganghal, the "Bard of Samurou". It is regarded as the national epic of the Manipuris. It is regarded as the greatest of all the epic poems in Meitei literature, with 39,000 Verse (poetry), verses, thereby being Indian epic poetry#Longest Indian epics, the third longest Indian epic poem, next to the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Khamba Thoibi Sheireng is often considered to be in a status of “mahakavya” (), and its author :simple:Hijam Anganghal, Hijam Anganghal as a “:en:wikt:महाकवि, mahakavi” (). For composing the epic, Anganghal was honoured by the Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, with the title “Kabiratna” in 1948. The epic saga is based on the ancient classic of Khamba and Thoibi, also referred to as the ''"National Romantic Legend of Manipur"'' by Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, as well as one of the 7 epic cycles of incarnations, constituting the Moirang Kangleirol of Ancient Moirang. Another remarkable achievement of Meitei cultural heritage, directly related to the Khamba Thoibi epic poem, is ''Khamba Thoibi Jagoi'' (), also known as ''Khamba Thoibi ballet'', which is a Meitei tradition, traditional Meitei ritual dance, ritualistic and theatre dance, theatrical classical dance form, a part and parcel of the Lai Haraoba performances, performed in honor of God , the national deity of Ancient Moirang realm. Notably, it is one of the classical cultural elements, giving inspirations to the rise of the Manipuri Raas Leela classical dance drama form.

Textual history

The epic poem of the Khamba Thoibi Sheireng was developed by :simple:Hijam Anganghal, Hijam Anganghal from the "pena sheishak" style of the Moirang Sai, traditional ballads ( mni, , }) sung by minstrels with pena (musical instrument). It was adapted from the traditional Meitei ballad known as the "Moirang Sai, Khamba Thoibi ballad", which is practised even in present times, for a continuous duration of 20-30 days in diverse musical genres. The Khamba Thoibi Sheireng is regarded as the masterpiece of :simple:Hijam Anganghal, Hijam Anganghal. The literary work was started in the year 1939 and it was completed in the year 1940.

Synopsis

Khuman Khamba was a terrae filius, brought up by his elder sister Khamnu, who spared no pains for his safety and well-being. By the time he became a youth, he wanted to be of some help to his sister and came out in search of work. On the day he first moved out of his house, he happened to enter the residence of prince Chingkhu Akhuba, the younger brother of King Chingkhu Telheiba, with its imposing house and spacious premises and there for the first time saw princess Thoibi, the only daughter of the prince, plying her needle in embroidery. The moment she saw Khamba, handsome and shapely in physique, she gave her heart away to him. But on the part of Khamba, at first he could not harbor such sentiments as he was conscious of his humble origin. Another man, Nongban, worked as a foil to Khamba. For a long time, there was no one in Moirang to beat him in racing, race, wrestling and hockey, but with the appearance of Khamba, he is defeated and deprived of this honor. At first, the prince took kindly to Khamba, and despite his offer to maintain the young man in his family, the latter insisted on singing for his supper which he did by tending the stall-fed fierce bull of the prince. As everybody was curious of Khamba's physical prowess, his sister then kept him in hiding for a while. Thoibi is heart-brokened and pines after him. From the grace of God Thangching, the two meet again on the Loktak lake. Their love is steady until the recalcitrant behavior and overzealous stance of Thoibi provokes her father to come in the way of the lovers in league with Nongban. Khamba's gradual rise in popularity amongst the people, winning of the King's favour with the recognition of his identity on account of his superhuman feats in sports and capturing a wild bull singlehanded further enraged the prince. A murder attempt was made on his life and subsequently Thoibi was sent to exile. However, this act could not, in the least, crush the heart of the lover. Thoibi, on her being called back from disgrace, had the opportune moment of joining with her love. Before the actual marriage took place and in a trial of fate, Nongban fell prey to a tiger which Khamba could overcome.

Structure

The epic contains 15 Chapter (books), chapters (Pandups) as well as 81 sections (Tangkaks). It consists of approximately thirty four thousand Line (poetry), lines.

1st Pandup

In the 1st Pandup, there are two tangkaks.

2nd, 3rd and 4th Pandups

* The 2nd Pandup has only one tangkak named ''Kaang Saanaba'' . * The 3rd Pandup has only one tangkak named ''Een Chingba'' . * The 4th Pandup has two tangkaks, first one is ''Kangjei'' but the second one is unnamed.

5th Pandup

6th to 11th Pandups

* The 6th Pandup has four tangkaks, first is ''Lamjel'' , while the remaining are unnamed. * The 7th Pandup has fifteen tangkaks, with the first one being ''Kau'' , while the rest being unnamed. * The 8th Pandup has two tangkaks, first being ''Ukai'' , but the second is unnamed. * The 9th Pandup has three tangkaks, the first is ''Heijing'' , but the rest are unnamed. * The 10th Pandup has a single tangkak, named ''Torbung Sadanba'' . * The 11th Pandup has only one tangkak, ''Samukhong'' .

12th Pandup

13th Pandup

14th Pandup

15th Pandup

The 15th Pandup has one tangkak, ''Khamba Thoibi Luhongba'' .

Analysis

While analysing the Khamba Thoibi Seireng, Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian Bengali scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterji commented on Hijam Anganghal, the author and the epic, like this: Writing on Akashwani All India Radio (AIR), L. Damodar Singh said about the literary work as: Some scholars compare the Khamba Thoibi Seireng with the Shahnamah, the national epic of Persia and the Kalevale, the national epic of Finland, as well as the Sigurd the Volsung by William Morris.

Translations

* The direct English version of the epic poem is translated by Dr. Jodhachandra Sanasam in 2017, for which he received the prestigious "Nongthombam Kunjamohan Singh Translation Award 2017", bestowed by the "Sahitya Thoupanglup".

Public response

In the year 2014, an academic symposium on the topic ''"Khamba Thoibi Seirengda Mityeng Ama"'' ( mni, , , A perspective on the Khamba-Thoibi Poem), regarding the epic poetry of Hijam Anganghal, was organised by ''"Nongchup Haram Khorjei Lup"'' (NAHAKHOL) at Public Theatre Hall, Nambol Phoijing in Bishnupur district. A book titled ''"Khamba-Thoibi Seirengda Mityeng"'' was also published by NAHAKHOL on the occasion. The "Hijam Anganghal Singh Memorial Lecture 2020-21" was organised at the Artistes’ Dormitory of the Directorate of Arts and Culture in Imphal by the Manipur State Kala Akademi. In the event, scholars discussed about the "Khamba Thoibi Sheireng", as a great contribution of Hijam Anganghal to Meitei literature, that justifiably earned him the title ":en:wikt:महाकवि, Mahakavi" ().

In popular culture

* ''"Khamba Thoibi"'' ( mni, ) is a 1997 Meitei language feature film, based on the epic story by Hijam Anganghal, produced by Moirangthem Nilamani Singh for Anjana Films, and directed by M. Nilamani Singh.

Bibliography

* iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.465982, Khamba Thoibi Seireng, by Hijam Anganghal Singh, 1986 * iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.466506, Moirang Kangleirol, Khuman Khamba Seitharon, by Laisram Mangi Singh, 1980 * iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.466278/mode/2up, Khamba Thoibi Seireng Ahumsuba Saruk, by Hijam Anganghal
Full text of "Khamba Thoibi" and poems of Manipur
* iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.467163, Samukhonggi Bichar, by Hijam Anganghal Singh, 1997
Hijam_Anganghal_Singh, by Elangbam Dinamani
* iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.158175, Abridged from T. C. Hodson's "The Meitheis", 1908

Notes

References

External links

{{Authority control Epic cycles of incarnations History of Manipur Indian literature Meitei culture Meitei folklore Meitei literature