''Cirrhipathes'' is a genus of
black coral
Antipatharians, also known as black corals or thorn corals, are an order of soft deep-water corals. These corals can be recognized by their jet-black or dark brown chitin skeletons, surrounded by the polyps (part of coral that is alive). Antip ...
from the family
Antipathidae
Antipathidae is a family of corals in the order Antipatharia, commonly known as black corals.
Taxonomy
This family contains the following genera according to the World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) ...
. Coral species in this genus are commonly known as whip or wire corals because they often exhibit a twisted or coiled morphology. In addition to their colorful appearance, with colors ranging from yellow to red passing through blue and green, these species possess a dark skeleton that is characteristic to every black coral.
Distribution
Commonly found in
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
and
subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...
areas, these corals are part of the reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans, at depths greater than . Long and unbranched, ''Cirrhipathes'' species are attached to
coral reefs
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of Colony (biology), colonies of coral polyp (zoology), polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, wh ...
.
Description
Like all corals, ''Cirrhipathes'' species are made of and covered by
polyps. These polyps are responsible for providing defense and feeding mechanisms in the form of stinging structures known as
nematocysts
A cnidocyte (also known as a cnidoblast or nematocyte) is an explosive cell containing one large secretory organelle called a cnidocyst (also known as a cnida () or nematocyst) that can deliver a sting to other organisms. The presence of this c ...
. These structures, which are present in their tentacles, are fired at preys or predators. The characteristic barbed-wire-like appearance of ''Cirrhipathes'' species is the result of their inability to completely retract their polyps. They can grow up to more than three meters in length.
[Wildscreen Arkive. Accessed via http://www.arkive.org/black-corals/cirrhipathes-spp/ on 2015-04-03]
Corals in this genus have different ways of obtaining nutrients. While some species obtain nutrients from their
mutualistic interaction
Interaction is action that occurs between two or more objects, with broad use in philosophy and the sciences. It may refer to:
Science
* Interaction hypothesis, a theory of second language acquisition
* Interaction (statistics)
* Interactions o ...
with
photosynthetic
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored in c ...
zooxanthellae, others obtain their food by simply capturing small floating animals with their tentacles. In addition to this, wire corals being carnivorous organisms should be fed on small, meaty items such as baby brine, rotifers, cyclop-eeze, fish eggs, and other zooplankton feeds.
From their interaction with the zooxanthellae, the ''Cirrhipathes'' obtain essential molecules and in return, protection and access to sunlight are provided to the zooxanthellae. Furthermore, important habitats that house numerous species of marine organisms are formed by these corals. It is even believed that the survival of two species of shrimp depends entirely on these corals.
References
Further reading
*Gaino, Elda, and Francesca Scoccia. "Female gametes of the black coral Cirrhipathes cfr. anguina (Anthozoa, Antipatharia) from the Indonesian Marine Park of Bunaken." Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 51.3 (2008): 119–126.
*Gaino, Elda, et al. "Sperm morphology in the black coral Cirrhipathes sp.(Anthozoa, Antipatharia)." Invertebrate Biology 127.3 (2008): 249–258.
*Bavestrello, Giorgio, et al. "Helicospiral growth in the whip black coral Cirrhipathes sp.(Antipatharia, Antipathidae)." The Biological Bulletin 222.1 (2012): 17–25.
*Wagner, Daniel, Daniel G. Luck, and Robert J. Toonen. "2 The Biology and Ecology of Black Corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia)."Advances in marine biology 63 (2012): 67.
External links
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*
Advanced Aquarist - Black Corals
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cirrhipathes
Antipathidae
Hexacorallia genera
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Marine fauna of Southeast Asia