Cindy Greenwood
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Priscilla E. (Cindy) Greenwood (born 1937) is a Canadian
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History On ...
who is a
professor emeritus ''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...
of mathematics at the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public university, public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks a ...
. She is known for her research in
probability theory Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set o ...
.. Reprinted in ''Stochastics: A Festschrift for Priscilla Greenwood'', IMS Lecture Note Series 57A, Institute of Mathematical Statistics.


Education and career

Greenwood graduated from
Duke University Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day city of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco and electric power industrialist James ...
with a B.A. in 1959. She began her graduate studies in
operations research Operations research ( en-GB, operational research) (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve deci ...
at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1861, MIT has played a key role in the development of modern technology and science, and is one of the ...
, where she became exposed to probability theory through a course on
stochastic process In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic () or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a family of random variables. Stochastic processes are widely used as mathematical models of systems and phenomena that appea ...
es offered in 1960 by
Henry McKean Henry P. McKean, Jr. (born 1930 in Wenham, Massachusetts) is an American mathematician at the Courant Institute in New York University. He works in various areas of mathematical analysis, analysis. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy, PhD in 1955 ...
. Soon afterwards, she switched to the
University of Wisconsin–Madison A university () is an educational institution, institution of higher education, higher (or Tertiary education, tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. Universities ty ...
, where she completed her Ph.D. in 1963 under the supervision of Joshua Chover. She taught for two years at
North Carolina College North Carolina Central University (NCCU or NC Central) is a public historically black university in Durham, North Carolina. Founded by James E. Shepard in affiliation with the Chautauqua movement in 1909, it was supported by private funds from ...
before moving to the University of British Columbia in 1966. She has also been associated with
Arizona State University Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public research university in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Founded in 1885 by the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature, ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the ...
, as a visiting professor from 2000 to 2003 and since 2004 as a research professor.


Research

Greenwood's research in the 1970s concerned
Brownian motion Brownian motion, or pedesis (from grc, πήδησις "leaping"), is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas). This pattern of motion typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position insi ...
,
Lévy process In probability theory, a Lévy process, named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy, is a stochastic process with independent, stationary increments: it represents the motion of a point whose successive displacements are random, in which disp ...
es, and Wiener–Hopf factorization. During this method she developed the theory of the martintote, a process similar to a martingale used to study asymptotic properties of processes. In the 1980s Greenwood began working with
Ed Perkins Edwin Arend Perkins, (born 31 August 1953) is a Canadian mathematician who has been Professor of Mathematics at the University of British Columbia since 1989 and Canada Research Chair in Probability since 2001. He was elected to the Royal Soc ...
on
nonstandard analysis The history of calculus is fraught with philosophical debates about the meaning and logical validity of fluxions or infinitesimal numbers. The standard way to resolve these debates is to define the operations of calculus using epsilon–delta ...
, which they used to study
local time Local time is the time observed in a specific locality. There is no canonical definition. Originally it was mean solar time, but since the introduction of time zones it is generally the time as determined by the time zone in effect, with daylight s ...
and
excursions An excursion is a trip by a group of people, usually made for leisure, education, or Physical exercise, physical purposes. It is often an adjunct to a longer journey or visit to a place, sometimes for other (typically work-related) purposes. Pu ...
. In this timeframe she also began working on set-indexed processes, a topic that would lead her to the theory of
random field In physics and mathematics, a random field is a random function over an arbitrary domain (usually a multi-dimensional space such as \mathbb^n). That is, it is a function f(x) that takes on a random value at each point x \in \mathbb^n(or some other d ...
s, and on
semimartingale In probability theory, a real valued stochastic process ''X'' is called a semimartingale if it can be decomposed as the sum of a local martingale and a càdlàg adapted finite-variation process. Semimartingales are "good integrators", forming the l ...
s. She traveled to Russia, and wrote a monograph on
chi-squared test A chi-squared test (also chi-square or test) is a statistical hypothesis test used in the analysis of contingency tables when the sample sizes are large. In simpler terms, this test is primarily used to examine whether two categorical variable ...
s with Mikhail Nikulin. In 1990 she and Igor Evstigneev wrote a second monograph, on random fields. Her research in this period also concerned
metric entropy In mathematics, a measure-preserving dynamical system is an object of study in the abstract formulation of dynamical systems, and ergodic theory in particular. Measure-preserving systems obey the Poincaré recurrence theorem, and are a special ca ...
and
asymptotic efficiency In statistics, efficiency is a measure of quality of an estimator, of an experimental design, or of a hypothesis testing procedure. Essentially, a more efficient estimator, needs fewer input data or observations than a less efficient one to achi ...
. She began her work in
biostatistics Biostatistics (also known as biometry) are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experime ...
, involving studies of different mammalian populations, and led a major study on statistical estimation near critical points of a parameter. Beginning in 2000, at Arizona State, she studied
pink noise Pink noise or noise is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density (power per frequency interval) is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal. In pink noise, each octave interval (halving ...
and
stochastic resonance Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon in which a signal that is normally too weak to be detected by a sensor, can be boosted by adding white noise to the signal, which contains a wide spectrum of frequencies. The frequencies in the white no ...
, which she applied to epidemic models in biostatistics as well as to the firing patterns of neurons.


Awards and honours

Greenwood was elected as a fellow of the
Institute of Mathematical Statistics The Institute of Mathematical Statistics is an international professional and scholarly society devoted to the development, dissemination, and application of statistics and probability. The Institute currently has about 4,000 members in all parts o ...
in 1985. She won the
Krieger–Nelson Prize The Krieger–Nelson Prize is presented by the Canadian Mathematical Society in recognition of an outstanding woman in mathematics. It was first awarded in 1995. The award is named after Cecilia Krieger and Evelyn Nelson (mathematician), Evelyn Nels ...
of the
Canadian Mathematical Society The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS) (french: Société mathématique du Canada) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research, outreach, scholarship and education in Canada. It serves the ...
in 2002.


Books

*''Contiguity and the statistical invariance principle'' (with A. N. Shiryayev, Gordon & Breach, 1985) *''Markov fields over countable partially ordered sets: extrema and splitting'' (with I. V. Evstigneev, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 112, American Mathematical Society, 1994) *''A guide to chi-squared testing'' (with Mikhail S. Nikulin, Wiley, 1996)Reviews of ''A guide to chi-squared testing'': * * * * * * * * *''Stochastic neuron models'' (with Lawrence M. Ward, Mathematical Biosciences Institute Lecture Series, Springer, 2016)


References


External links


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Greenwood, Cindy 1937 births Living people Canadian mathematicians Women mathematicians Canadian statisticians Women statisticians Duke University alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni North Carolina Central University faculty Academic staff of the University of British Columbia Arizona State University faculty