The Chrysauginae are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

snout moth The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralida ...

s (

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Pyralidae). They are primarily

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

and include about 400 described species.

Description and ecology

The subfamily includes the

sloth moth A sloth moth is a coprophagous moth which has evolved to exclusively inhabit the fur of sloths and to use sloth dung as a substrate for the early stages of reproduction. Sloth moths include '' Bradypodicola hahneli'', ''Cryptoses choloepi'', ''Cry ...

s (genera '' Cryptoses'', '' Bradypodicola'' and '' Bradypophila''). The

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...

larvae of these species feed on the dung of

sloth Sloths are a group of Neotropical xenarthran mammals constituting the suborder Folivora, including the extant arboreal tree sloths and extinct terrestrial ground sloths. Noted for their slowness of movement, tree sloths spend most of their li ...

s, and adults live in the sloths' fur. Other unusual Chrysauginae caterpillars have been found in

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ...

nests and on the spines of caterpillars of the

brush-footed butterfly The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a red ...

genus '' Automeris''. But usually, their larvae feed on plants, boring into seed, fruits, stems and roots, or rolling and spinning leaves together to form a hideout. While the adults are fairly nondescript, Chrysauginae larvae can usually be recognized unequivocally by the

sclerotised Sclerotin is a component of the cuticle of various Arthropoda, most familiarly insects. It is formed by cross-linking members of particular classes of protein molecules, a biochemical process called sclerotization, a form of tanning in which qui ...

ring around

seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. Th ...

SD1 of the

metathorax The metathorax is the posterior of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the third pair of legs. Its principal sclerites ( exoskeletal plates) are the metanotum (dorsal), the metasternum (ventral), and the metapleuron (lateral) ...

Systematics

In 1995, Solis et al. compiled a checklist of Chrysauginae for the Western Hemisphere. However, phylogenetic analyses have not been conducted. Shaffer et al. tentatively placed four

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

n genera in the subfamily in 1996; research on the adults failed to support this, and larvae are unknown. *'' Abaera'' Walker, 1859 *'' Acallidia'' Schaus, 1913 *'' Acallis'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Acutia'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Adenopteryx'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Ahyalosticta'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Anassodes'' Turner, 1932 *'' Anemosa'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Drymiarcha'' Meyrick, 1885) *'' Anemosella'' Dyar, 1914 (= ''Balidarcha'' Dyar, 1914) *'' Anisothrix'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Arbinia'' Möschler, 1881 *''

Area Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a region on the plane or on a curved surface. The area of a plane region or ''plane area'' refers to the area of a shape A shape or figure is a graphics, graphical representation of an obje ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Arouva'' Walker, 1864 *'' Arta'' Grote, 1875 (= ''Xantippides'' Dyar, 1908) *'' Azamora'' Walker, 1858 (= ''Amblyura'' Lederer, 1863, ''Arica'' Walker, 1863, ''Thylacophora'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Torda'' Walker, 1863) *'' Basacallis'' Cashatt, 1969 *'' Bisinusia'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Blepharocerus'' C. É. Blanchard, 1852 (= ''Blepharocorus'' C. É. Blanchard, 1852) *'' Bonchis'' Walker, 1862 (= ''Ethnistis'' Lederer, 1863, ''Gazaca'' Walker, 1866, ''Vurna'' Walker, 1866, ''Zarania'' Walker, 1866) *'' Bradypodicola'' Spuler, 1906 *'' Bradypophila'' Ihering, 1914 *'' Callasopia'' Möschler, 1890 *'' Caphys'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Euexippe'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Ugra'' Walker, 1863) *'' Cappsia'' Pastrana, 1953 *'' Carcha'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Coeloma'' Möschler, 1890) *'' Casuaria'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Saccopleura'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Catadupa'' Walker, 1863 *'' Chenevadia'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Chrysauge'' Hübner, 1823 (= ''Candisa'' Walker, 1866) *'' Chrysophila'' Hübner, 1831 (= ''Eurypta'' Lederer, 1863) *'' Clydonopteron'' N. D. Riley, 1880 *'' Condylolomia'' Grote, 1873 (= ''Cordylolomia'' Rye, 1875) *'' Craftsia'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Cromarcha'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Cryptoses'' Dyar, 1908 *'' Cyclidalis'' Hampson, 1906 *'' Cyclopalpia'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Dastira'' Walker, 1859 *'' Dasycnemia'' Ragonot, 1891 (= ''Hyalosticta'' Hampson, 1897, ''Potosa'' Capps, 1952) *'' Deopteryx'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Derbeta'' Walker, 1866 *'' Diloxis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Distortia'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Drepanodia'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Eobrena'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Epidelia'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Epiparachma'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Epitamyra'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Erioptycha'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Eupilocera'' Dognin, 1909 *'' Galasa'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Cordylopeza'' Zeller, 1873) *'' Galasodes'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Gephyra'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Replicia'' Dyar, 1914) *'' Gephyrella'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Hednotodes'' Lower, 1893 (= ''Calliphlycta'' Hampson, 1918) *''

Heliades In Greek mythology, the Heliades (Ancient Greek: Ἡλιάδες means 'daughters of the sun') also called Phaethontides (meaning "daughters of Phaethon") were the daughters of Helios and Clymene, an Oceanid nymph. Names According to one v ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Heterauge'' Hampson, 1906 *'' Holoperas'' Warren, 1891 *'' Humiphila'' Becker, 1974 *'' Hyperparachma'' Warren, 1891 (= ''Parachmopsis'' Amsel, 1956) *'' Hypocosmia'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Idnea'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= ''Auchoteles'' Zeller, 1877, ''Corybissa'' Walker, 1863, ''Uzeda'' Walker, 1863) *'' Idneodes'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Itambe'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Lepidomys'' Guenée, 1852 (= ''Chalinitis'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Lophopleura'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Lophopleuropsis'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Martiniodes'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Megacaphys'' Hampson, 1916 *'' Michaelshaffera'' Solis, 1998 *'' Microrca'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Microsauge'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Microzancla'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Mimetauge'' Munroe, 1970 *'' Monoloxis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Murgisca'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Pachymorphus'' Möschler, 1890) *'' Myolisa'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Nachaba'' Walker, 1859 (= ''Ascha'' Walker, 1864) *'' Navura'' Schaus, 1913 *'' Negalasa'' Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 *'' Neocaphys'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Ocoba'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Ocresia'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Oectoperodes'' Ragonot, 1892 *'' Oedmatodes'' Ragonot, 1892 (= ''Oedematodes'' Hampson, 1897) *'' Ophias'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Oryctopleura'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Pachypalpia'' Hampson, 1895 *'' Pachypodistes'' Hampson, 1905 (= ''Conotambe'' Dyar, 1914) *'' Parachma'' Walker, 1866 (= ''Artopsis'' Dyar, 1908, ''Perseistis'' Strand, 1921, ''Perseis'' Ragonot, 1891, ''Zazaca'' Walker, 1866) *'' Paragalasa'' Cashatt, 1969 *'' Paramacna'' Warren, 1889 (= ''Acroppterygella'' Strand, 1917, ''Acropterygella'' Neave, 1939, ''Acropteryx'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Parasopia'' Möschler, 1890 *'' Paridnea'' Ragonot, 1892 (= ''Batia'' Walker, 1867) *'' Passelgis'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Pelasgis'' Ragonot, 1891 *''

Penthesilea Penthesilea ( el, Πενθεσίλεια, Penthesíleia) was an Amazonian queen in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe. She assisted Troy in the Trojan War, during which she w ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Pionidia'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Plagerepne'' Tams, 1926 *'' Polloccia'' Dyar, 1910 (= ''Pollocia'' Neave, 1940) *'' Polyterpnes'' Turner, 1932 *'' Protrichia'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Psectrodes'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Pyrauge'' Hampson, 1906 *'' Pyraustodes'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Quadrischistis'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Ramphidium'' Geyer in Hübner, 1837 (= ''Acrodegmia'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Rhynchotosale'' Hampson, 1916 *''

Rucuma Rucuma is a former city and bishopric in Roman North Africa, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. History It was among the cities of sufficient importance in the late Roman province of Africa Proconsularis to become a suffragan bishopri ...

'' Walker, 1863 *'' Salobrena'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Ballonicha'' Möschler, 1886, ''Oectoperia'' Zeller, 1875, ''Salobrana'' Fernald, 1902, ''Teucronoma'' Meyrick, 1936) *'' Samcova'' Walker, 1863 *'' Sanguesa'' Walker, 1863 *'' Sarcistis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Satole'' Dyar, 1908 *'' Schistoneura'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Semnia'' Hübner, 1823 (= ''Acronolepia'' Westwood, 1835, ''Episemnia'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Speosia'' Schaus, 1913 *'' Sthenobaea'' Ragonot, 1891 (= ''Parabaera'' Dognin, 1904, ''Sthenauge'' Hampson, 1906) *'' Streptopalpia'' Hampson, 1895 *'' Tamyra'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1858 (= ''Lametia'' Walker, 1859, ''Tamyrodes'' Ragonot, 1891) *'' Tetraschistis'' Hampson, 1897 *'' Tharsanthes'' Meyrick, 1936 *'' Thermotesia'' Hampson, 1916 *'' Tippecoa'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Torotambe'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Tosale'' Walker, 1863 (= ''Fabatana'' Walker, 1866, ''Restidia'' Dyar, 1914, ''Siparocera'' Grote, 1875, ''Callocera'' Grote, 1875, ''Siparocera'' Robinson, 1876, ''Uliosoma'' Warren, 1891) *'' Ungulopsis'' Amsel, 1956 *'' Voglia'' Amsel, 1956 *''

Xantippe Xanthippe (; , , ; 5th–4th century BCE) was an ancient Athenian, the wife of Socrates and mother of their three sons: Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. She was likely much younger than Socrates, perhaps by as much as 40 years. Name ...

'' Ragonot, 1891 *'' Zaboba'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Zamanna'' Dyar, 1914 *'' Zanclodes'' Ragonot, 1891

References

* Savela, Markku (2011)
Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms: Chrysauginae
Version of March 7, 2011. Retrieved May, 2011. * Solis, M. Alma (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). '' Revista Colombiana de Entomología'' 33(1): 1–8 nglish with Spanish abstractbr>HTML fulltext
{{Taxonbar, from=Q5114571 Pyralidae of South America Moths of South America Moth subfamilies *