Chronicle Of Saint-Hubert
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A chronicle ( la, chronica, from Greek ''chroniká'', from , ''chrónos'' – "time") is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and local events, the purpose being the recording of events that occurred, seen from the perspective of the chronicler. A chronicle which traces world history is a universal chronicle. This is in contrast to a narrative or history, in which an author chooses events to interpret and analyze and excludes those the author does not consider important or relevant. The information sources for chronicles vary. Some are written from the chronicler's direct knowledge, others from witnesses or participants in events, still others are accounts passed down from generation to generation by oral tradition.Elisabeth M. C. Van Houts, ''Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe: 900–1200'' (Toronto; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, 1999), pp. 19–20. Some used written material, such as
charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the rec ...
s, letters, and earlier chronicles. Still others are tales of unknown origin that have
myth Myth is a folklore genre consisting of Narrative, narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or Origin myth, origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not Objectivity (philosophy), ...
ical status. Copyists also changed chronicles in creative copying, making corrections or in updating or continuing a chronicle with information not available to the original chronicler. Determining the reliability of particular chronicles is important to historians. Many newspapers and other
periodical literature A periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar example is a newspaper, but a magazine or a Academic journal, journal ...
have adopted "chronicle" as part of their name. Various fictional stories have also adopted "chronicle" as part of their title, to give an impression of epic proportion to their stories.


Subgroups

Scholars categorize the genre of chronicle into two subgroups: live chronicles, and dead chronicles. A ''dead'' chronicle is one where the author assembles a list of events up to the time of their writing, but does not record further events as they occur. A ''live'' chronicle is where one or more authors add to a chronicle in a regular fashion, recording contemporary events shortly after they occur. Because of the immediacy of the information, historians tend to value live chronicles, such as annals, over dead ones. The term often refers to a book written by a chronicler in the Middle Ages describing historical events in a country, or the lives of a nobleman or a clergyman, although it is also applied to a record of public events. The earliest medieval chronicle to combine both retrospective (''dead'') and contemporary (''live'') entries, is the
Chronicle of Ireland The Chronicle of Ireland ( ga, Croinic na hÉireann) is the modern name for a hypothesized collection of ecclesiastical annals recording events in Ireland from 432 to 911 AD. Several surviving annals share events in the same sequence and wordin ...
, which spans the years 431 to 911. Chronicles are the predecessors of modern " time lines" rather than analytical histories. They represent accounts, in prose or verse, of local or distant events over a considerable period of time, both the lifetime of the individual chronicler and often those of several subsequent continuators. If the chronicles deal with events year by year, they are often called annals. Unlike the modern historian, most chroniclers tended to take their information as they found it, and made little attempt to separate fact from legend. The point of view of most chroniclers is highly localised, to the extent that many anonymous chroniclers can be sited in individual abbeys. It is impossible to say how many chronicles exist, as the many ambiguities in the definition of the genre make it impossible to draw clear distinctions of what should or should not be included. However, the '' Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle'' lists some 2,500 items written between 300 and 1500 AD.


Citation of entries

Entries in chronicles are often cited using the abbreviation ''s.a.'', meaning ''sub anno'' (under the year), according to the year under which they are listed. For example, "''ASC'' MS A, s.a. 855" means the entry for the year 855 in manuscript A of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle''. The same event may be recorded under a different year in another manuscript of the chronicle, and may be cited for example as "''ASC'' MS D, s.a. 857".


English chronicles

The most important English chronicles are the ''
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the ''Chronicle'' was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alf ...
'', started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the ''Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland'' (1577–87) by Raphael Holinshed and other writers; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama. Later 16th century Scottish chronicles, written after the Reformation, shape history according to Catholic or Protestant viewpoints.


Cronista

A cronista is a term for a historical chronicler, a role that held historical significance in the European Middle Ages. Until the European
Enlightenment Enlightenment or enlighten may refer to: Age of Enlightenment * Age of Enlightenment, period in Western intellectual history from the late 17th to late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing (alphabetically by country or culture): ...
, the occupation was largely equivalent to that of a historian, describing events chronologically that were of note in a given country or region. As such, it was often an official governmental position rather than an independent practice. The appointment of the official chronicler often favored individuals who had distinguished themselves by their efforts to study, investigate and disseminate population-related issues. The position was granted on a local level based on the mutual agreements of a city council in plenary meetings. Often, the occupation was honorary, unpaid, and stationed for life. In modern usage, the term usually refers to a type of journalist who writes chronicles as a form of journalism or non-professional historical documentation.


Cronista in the Middle Ages

Before the development of modern journalism and the systematization of chronicles as a journalistic genre, cronista were tasked with narrating chronological events considered worthy of remembrance that were recorded year by year. Unlike writers who created epic poems regarding living figures, cronista recorded historical events in the lives of individuals in an ostensibly truthful and reality-oriented way. Even from the time of early Christian historiography, cronistas were clearly expected to place human history in the context of a linear progression, starting with the creation of man until the
second coming of Christ The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian (as well as Islamic and Baha'i) belief that Jesus will return again after his ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The idea is based on messi ...
, as prophesied in biblical texts.


Alphabetical list of notable chronicles

*'' History of Alam Aray Abbasi'' –
Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; fa, دودمان صفوی, Dudmâne Safavi, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of th ...
*'' Alamgirnama'' – Mughal Empire *'' Altan Tobchi'' -
Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
*''
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the ''Chronicle'' was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alf ...
'' – England * '' Annales Bertiniani'' – West Francia *'' Annales Cambriae'' – Wales *'' Annales seu cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae'' – Poland *'' Annals of Inisfallen'' – Ireland *'' Annals of Lough Cé'' – Ireland *'' Annals of the Four Masters'' – Ireland *'' Annals of Spring and Autumn'' –
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
*''
Annals of Thutmose III The Annals of Thutmose III are composed of numerous inscriptions of ancient Egyptian military records gathered from the 18th Dynasty campaigns of Thutmose III's armies in Syro-Palestine, from regnal years 22 (1458 BCE) to 42 (1438 BCE). These reco ...
'' – Ancient Egypt *'' The Annals of the Choson Dynasty'' – Korea *'' Babylonian Chronicles'' – Mesopotamia *''
Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle is a term used for several anonymous chronicles written in Bulgaria during the Middle Ages. 11th/12th centuries The term is used when referring to an apocryphal apocalyptic chronicle written in Bulgaria in the late el ...
'' – Bulgaria *''
Bodhi Vamsa The English term enlightenment is the Western translation of various Buddhist terms, most notably bodhi and vimutti. The abstract noun ''bodhi'' (; Sanskrit: बोधि; Pali: ''bodhi''), means the knowledge or wisdom, or awakened intellect ...
'' –
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
*'' Books of Chronicles'' attributed to EzraIsrael *''
Buranji Buranjis (Ahom language: ''ancient writings'') are a class of historical chronicles and manuscripts associated with the Ahom kingdom written initially in Ahom Language and later in Assamese language as well. The Buranjis are an example of histor ...
'' –
Ahoms The Ahom (Pron: ), or Tai-Ahom is an ethnic group from the Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The members of this group are admixed descendants of the Tai people who reached the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in 1228 and the local indi ...
, Assam, India *''
Cāmadevivaṃsa The Camadevivamsa ( th, ตำนานจามเทวีวงศ์, , literally, "Chronicle of the Lineage of Cāmadevi") is a Pali chronicle composed in the early 15th century by the Lanna Buddhist monk Mahathera Bodhiramsi ( th, พระ ...
'' –
Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
*'' Culavamsa'' –
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
*('' Chronica Polonorum''): see '' Gesta principum Polonorum'' *''
Cheitharol Kumbaba ''Cheitharol Kumbaba'', also spelled ''Cheithalon Kumpapa'', is the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur. The oldest extant version was copied in the early 19th century, under Jai Singh, the puppet king installed after the Burmese invasion, ...
'' – Manipur, India * '' Chronica Gentis Scotorum'' *''
Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae 200px, ''Historia Polonica'', Vincenti Kadłubkonis Episcopi Cracoviensis, 1612 ''Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae'', short name ''Chronica Polonorum'', is a Latin history of Poland written by Wincenty Kadłubek between 1190 an ...
'' – Poland * ''Chronicon'' of Eusebius *'' Chronicon Scotorum'' – Ireland * ''Chronicon'' of Thietmar of Merseburg *'' Chronicle (Crònica) by Ramon Muntaner'' – 13th/14th-century Crown of Aragon. Third and longest of the Grand Catalan Chronicles. *'' Chronicle of Finland'' (''Chronicon Finlandiae'') by Johannes MesseniusFinland *'' Dioclean Priest's Chronicle'' – Europe *''
Chronicle of the Slavs The ''Chronica Sclavorum'' or ''Chronicle of the Slavs'' is a medieval chronicle which recounts the pre-Christian culture and religion of the Polabian Slavs, written by Helmold (ca. 1120 – after 1177), a Saxon priest and historian. It describe ...
'' – Europe *''
Chronicle of Greater Poland The ''Wielkopolska Chronicle'' (or ''Chronicle of Greater Poland'', pl, Kronika wielkopolska) is an anonymous medieval chronicle describing supposed history of Poland from legendary times up to the year 1273. It was written in Latin at the end ...
'' – Poland *'' Chronica Hungarorum'' – History of Hungary *'' Chronicle of Jean de Venette'' – France *'' Chronicle of the Bishops of England'' (''De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum'') by William of Malmesbury *''
Chronicle of the Kings of England The ''Gesta Regum Anglorum'' (Latin for "Deeds of the Kings of the English"), originally titled ("On the Deeds of the Kings of the English") and also anglicized as or , is an early-12th-century history of the kings of England by William of Malme ...
'' (''De Gestis Regum Anglorum'') by William of Malmesbury *'' Chronographia'' – 11th century History of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) by
Michael Psellos Michael Psellos or Psellus ( grc-gre, Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός, Michaḗl Psellós, ) was a Byzantine Greek monk, savant, writer, philosopher, imperial courtier, historian and music theorist. He was born in 1017 or 1018, and is believed to hav ...
*''
Comentarios Reales de los Incas The ''Comentarios Reales de los Incas'' is a book written by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, the first published mestizo writer of Colonialism, colonial Andean South America. The ''Comentarios Reales de los Incas'' is considered by most to be the unqu ...
'' *''
Conversion of Kartli The ''Conversion of Kartli'' ( ka, მოქცევაჲ ქართლისაჲ ''moktsevay kartlisay'', Asomtavruli: ႫႭႵႺႤႥႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႪႨႱႠჂ, ) is the earliest surviving medieval Georgian historical compendium ...
'' – Georgia * Cronaca- Chronicle of Cyprus from the 4th up to the 15th century by
Cypriot Cypriot (in older sources often "Cypriote") refers to someone or something of, from, or related to the country of Cyprus. * Cypriot people, or of Cypriot descent; this includes: ** Armenian Cypriots ** Greek Cypriots ** Maronite Cypriots ** Tur ...
chronicler Leontios Machairas *''
Cronaca fiorentina The ''Cronaca fiorentina di Marchionne di Coppo Stefani'' () written by Baldassarre Bonaiuti is considered one of the best works written on the Black Death in Florence in the year 1348. It is the only known literary work by Bonaiuti.Ernesto Ses ...
'' – Chronicle of Florence up to the end of the 14th Century by Baldassarre Bonaiuti *''
Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum The ''Gesta principum Polonorum'' (; "''Deeds of the Princes of the Poles''") is the oldest known medieval chronicle documenting the history of Poland from the legendary times until 1113. Written in Latin by an anonymous author, it was most lik ...
'' – Poland *''
Croyland Chronicle Crowland (modern usage) or Croyland (medieval era name and the one still in ecclesiastical use; cf. la, Croilandia) is a town in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated between Peterborough and Spalding. Crowland c ...
'' – England *'' Dawn-Breakers (Nabil's Narrative)'' – Baháʼí Faith and Middle East *'' Dipavamsa'' –
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
*'' Divan of the Abkhazian Kings'' – Georgia *'' Eric Chronicles'' –
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
*'' Eusebius Chronicle'' – Mediterranean and Middle East *'' Fragmentary Annals of Ireland'' – Ireland *'' Froissart's Chronicles'' – France and Western Europe *'' Galician-Volhynian Chronicle'' – Ukraine *'' Georgian Chronicles'' – Georgia *'' Gesta Normannorum Ducum'' – Normandy *'' Gesta principum Polonorum'' *'' Grandes Chroniques de France'' – France *''
General Estoria The ("General History") is a universal history written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284), known as (the Wise). The work was written in Old Spanish, a novelty in this historiographical genre, up until then regularly written ...
by Alfonso X'' – c. 1275-1284 Castile, Spain. *'' Henry of Livona Chronicle'' – Eastern Europe *'' Historia Ecclesiastica'' – Norman England * '' Historia Scholastica'' by Petrus Comestor - 12th century France * ''The Historie and Chronicles of Scotland'',
Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie (also Lindesay or Lyndsay; c. 1532–1580) was a Scottish chronicler, author of ''The Historie and Chronicles of Scotland, 1436–1565'', the first history of Scotland to be composed in Scots rather than Lati ...
*''
History of the Prophets and Kings The ''History of the Prophets and Kings'' ( ar, تاريخ الرسل والملوك ''Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk''), more commonly known as ''Tarikh al-Tabari'' () or ''Tarikh-i Tabari'' or ''The History of al-Tabari '' ( fa, تاریخ طب ...
'' – Middle East and Mediterranean *''
Hustyn Chronicle The ''Hustyn Chronicle'' is a 17th-century chronicle detailing the history of Ukraine until 1598. It was written in Church Slavonic, likely by Zacharias Kopystensky. The ''Chronicle'' covers Ukraine's relationship with the Grand Duchy of Moscow ...
'' – Eastern Europe *''
Jami' al-tawarikh The ''Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh'' (Persian/Arabic: , ) is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, the breadth of coverage of the work h ...
'' by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani - Universal history *'' Jans der Enikel'' – Europe and Mediterranean *'' Jerome's Chronicle'' – Mediterranean and Middle East *'' Jinakalamali'' –
Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thailand ...
*'' Joannis de Czarnkow chronicon Polonorum'' – Poland *'' Kaiserchronik'' – Central and southern Europe, Germany *'' Kano Chronicle'' – Nigeria *'' Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh'' by Sujan Rai -
History of India According to consensus in modern genetics, anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by m ...
*'' Khwaday-Namag'' - History of Persia *''
Kojiki The , also sometimes read as or , is an early Japanese chronicle of myths, legends, hymns, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 concerning the origin of the Japanese archipelago, the , and the Japanese imperia ...
'' -
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
*'' Lethrense Chronicle'' – Denmark *'' Libre dels Feyts'' – Book of the Deeds by James I of Aragon, first of the Grand Catalan Chronicles *'' Madala Panji'' – Chronicle of the Jagannath Temple in
Puri, India Puri () is a coastal city and a municipality in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of Bengal, south of the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as ''S ...
, related to the
History of Odisha Human history in Odisha begins in the Lower Paleolithic era, as Acheulian tools dating to the period have been discovered in various places in the region. The early history of Odisha can be traced back to the mentions found in ancient texts l ...
*'' Mahavamsa'' –
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
*'' Maronite Chronicle'' – The Levant, anonymous annalistic chronicle in the
Syriac language The Syriac language (; syc, / '), also known as Syriac Aramaic (''Syrian Aramaic'', ''Syro-Aramaic'') and Classical Syriac ܠܫܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ (in its literary and liturgical form), is an Aramaic language, Aramaic dialect that emerged during ...
completed shortly after 664. *'' Manx Chronicle'' – Isle of Man *'' Nabonidus Chronicle'' – Mesopotamia *'' Nihon Shoki'' -
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
*'' Nuova Cronica'' – Florence *''
Nuremberg Chronicle The ''Nuremberg Chronicle'' is an illustrated encyclopedia consisting of world historical accounts, as well as accounts told through biblical paraphrase. Subjects include human history in relation to the Bible, illustrated mythological creatures, ...
'' *'' Paschale Chronicle'' – Mediterranean *''
Primary Chronicle The ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ; ; ; ; ), often known in English as the ''Rus' Primary Chronicle'', the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', or simply the ...
'' – Eastern Europe *''
Puranas Purana (; sa, , '; literally meaning "ancient, old"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995 Edition), Article on Puranas, , page 915) is a vast genre of Indian literature about a wide range of topics, particularly about legends an ...
'' – India *'' Rajatarangini'' –
Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...
*''Roit and Quheil of Tyme'' – Scotland,
Adam Abell Adam Abell (ca. 1480ca. 1540) was a Scottish Friar at Jedburgh Abbey. He wrote a chronicle in the 1530s that gives an insight into contemporary thought and contains anecdotes that appear in later writings. The manuscript of the Roit or Quheil o ...
*'' Roskildense Chronicle'' – Denmark *'' Royal Frankish Annals'' – Frankish Empire *'' Scotichronicon'' – by the
Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...
historian Walter Bower *'' Shahnama-yi-Al-i Osman'' by
Fethullah Arifi Çelebi Fathallah, Fathalla or the Turkish variant Fethullah is a transliteration of the Arabic given name, فتح الله (''Fatḥ Allāh''), built from the Arabic words ''fath'' and ''Allah''. It is one of many Arabic theophoric names, meaning "Alla ...
Ottoman empire (1300 ac – the end of Sultan
Suleyman I Suleiman I ( ota, سليمان اول, Süleyman-ı Evvel; tr, I. Süleyman; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western world, the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( ota, قانونى سلطان س ...
's reign) which is the fifth volume of it
Süleymanname The ''Süleymannâme'' (lit. "Book of Suleiman") is an illustration of Suleiman the Magnificent's life and achievements. In 65 scenes the miniature paintings are decorated with gold, depicting battles, receptions, hunts and sieges. Written by Fet ...
*'' Skibby Chronicle'' – Danish Latin chronicle from the 1530s *'' Swiss illustrated chronicles'' –
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
*'' Timbuktu Chronicles'' – Mali *'' Zizhi Tongjian'' –
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...


See also

* Books of Chronicles * Chronicles of Nepal * List of English chronicles * Medieval Chronicle Society


References

{{Authority control Medieval literature Works about history