Christopher Hume

The ''Toronto Star'' is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper. The newspaper is the country's largest daily newspaper by circulation. It is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation and part of Torstar's Daily News Brands division. The newspaper's offices are located at One Yonge Street in the Harbourfront neighbourhood of Toronto.

The newspaper was established in 1892 as the ''Evening Star'' and was later renamed the ''Toronto Daily Star'' in 1900, under Joseph E. Atkinson. Atkinson was a major influence in shaping the editorial stance of the paper, with the paper having reflected his values until his death in 1948. The paper was renamed the ''Toronto Star'' in 1971. The newspaper introduced a Sunday edition in 1973.

History

The ''Star'' was created in 1892 by striking ''Toronto News'' printers and writers, led by future mayor of Toronto and social reformer Horatio Clarence Hocken, who became the newspaper's founder, along with another future mayor, Jimmy Simpson.

The ''Star'' was first printed on '' Toronto World'' presses, and at its formation, ''The World'' owned a 51 percent interest in it as a silent partner. That arrangement only lasted for two months, during which time it was rumoured that William Findlay "Billy" Maclean, ''The World''s proprietor, was considering selling the ''Star'' to the Riordon family. After an extensive fundraising campaign among the ''Star'' staff, Maclean agreed to sell his interest to Hocken.

The paper did poorly in its first few years. Hocken sold out within the year, and several owners followed in succession until railway entrepreneur William Mackenzie bought it in 1896. Its new editors, Edmund E. Sheppard and Frederic Thomas Nicholls, moved the entire ''Star'' operation into the same building used by the magazine '' Saturday Night''.

Under Atkinson

Joseph E. "Holy Joe" Atkinson, backed by funds raised by supporters of Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, bought the paper on 13 December 1899. The supporters included Senator George Cox, William Mulock, Peter Charles Larkin and Timothy Eaton. Atkinson became the controlling shareholder of the ''Star''. The ''Star'' was frequently criticized for practising the yellow journalism of its era. For decades, the paper included heavy doses of crime and sensationalism, along with advocating social change.

Atkinson was the ''Star''s editor from 1899 until his death in 1948. The newspaper's early opposition and criticism of the Nazi regime saw it become one of the first North American papers to be banned in Germany. Atkinson had a social conscience. He championed many causes that would come to be associated with the modern welfare state: old age pensions, unemployment insurance, and health care. The Government of Canada Digital Collections website describes Atkinson as:

a "radical" in the best sense of that term.... The ''Star'' was unique among North American newspapers in its consistent, ongoing advocacy of the interests of ordinary people. The friendship of Atkinson, the publisher, with Mackenzie King, the prime minister, was a major influence on the development of Canadian social policy.

Shortly before his death in 1948, Joseph E. Atkinson transferred ownership of the paper to a charitable organization given the mandate of continuing the paper's liberal tradition. In 1949, the Province of Ontario passed the ''Charitable Gifts Act'', barring charitable organizations from owning large parts of profit-making businesses, that effectively required the ''Star'' to be sold.

Atkinson's will had directed that profits from the paper's operations were "for the promotion and maintenance of social, scientific and economic reforms which are charitable in nature, for the benefit of the people of the province of Ontario" and it stipulated that the paper could be sold only to people who shared his social views. The five trustees of the charitable organization circumvented the Act by buying the paper themselves and swearing before the Supreme Court of Ontario to continue what became known as the "Atkinson Principles":

* A strong, united and independent Canada
* Social justice
* Individual and civil liberties
* Community and civic engagement
* The rights of working people
* The necessary role of government

These principles continue to affect the ''Star''s editorial stances. In February 2006, ''Star'' media columnist Antonia Zerbisias wrote on her blog:

Besides, we are the ''Star'' which means we all have the Atkinson Principles—and its multi-culti values—tattooed on our butts. Fine with me. At least we are upfront about our values, and they almost always work in favour of building a better Canada.

Other early media ventures

Under Atkinson, the ''Star'' launched several other media initiatives, including a weekend supplemental magazine, the ''Star Weekly'', from 1910 to 1973. From 1922 to 1933, the ''Star'' was also a radio broadcaster on its station CFCA, broadcasting on a wavelength of 400 metres (749.48 kHz); its coverage was complementary to the paper's reporting. The station was closed following the establishment of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) and the introduction of a government policy that, in essence, restricted private stations to an effective radiated power of 100 watts. The ''Star'' would continue to supply sponsored content to the CRBC's CRCT station—which later became CBC station CBL—an arrangement that lasted until 1946.

1971–present

In 1971, the newspaper was renamed ''The Toronto Star'' and moved to a modern International-style office tower at One Yonge Street by Queens Quay. The original ''Star'' building at 80 King Street West was demolished to make room for First Canadian Place.

The ''Star'' expanded during the 1970s with the introduction of a Sunday edition in 1973 and a morning edition in 1981.

In 1992, its printing plant was moved to the Toronto Star Press Centre at the Highway 407 & 400 interchange in Vaughan. In September 2002, the logo was changed, and "The" was dropped from the masthead. During the 2003 Northeast blackout, the ''Star'' printed the paper at a press in Welland, Ontario. The newspaper's former printing plant was housed at One Yonge Street until the Toronto Star Press Centre opened.

Until the mid-2000s, the front page of the ''Toronto Star'' had no third-party advertising aside from upcoming lottery jackpot estimates from the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG).

On May 28, 2007, the ''Star'' unveiled a redesigned paper that featured larger type, narrower pages, fewer and shorter articles, renamed sections, a more prominent focus on local news, and less focus on international news, columnists, and opinion pieces. However, on January 1, 2009, the ''Star'' reverted to its previous format. ''Star P.M.'', a free newspaper in PDF format that could be downloaded from the newspaper's website each weekday afternoon, was discontinued in October 2007, thirteen months after its launch.

On January 15, 2016, Torstar confirmed the closure of its Vaughan printing presses and indicated that it would outsource printing to Transcontinental Printing, leading to the layoff of all 285 staff at the plant, as Transcontinental had its own existing facility, also in Vaughan. The newspaper said the closure was effected so it could better focus on its digital outlets.

In February 2018, the ''Toronto Star'' suspended its internship program indefinitely to cut its costs. Long a source of Canada's next generation of journalists, the paid positions were seen as a vital part of the national industry, and their suspension, a sign of its continuing decline. In 2020, the internship program returned.

In April 2018, the ''Toronto Star'' expanded its local coverage of Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Halifax with rebranded daily newspapers, previously known as ''Metro'', as '' StarMetro'', which was a joint venture between Torstar (90%) and Swedish media company Metro International (10%). In October 2018, the ''Toronto Star'' acquired iPolitics, a political news outlet.

On December 20, 2019, all ''StarMetro'' editions ceased publication amid the popularity and resultant growth of news apps on mobile devices. Local coverage once again became restricted to the Golden Horseshoe conurbation.

The newspaper was acquired by NordStar Capital on May 26, 2020, after the board of Torstar voted to sell the company to the investment firm for —making Torstar a privately held company. The deal was expected to be approved by Torstar's shareholders and to close by the end of 2020. Canadian Modern Media Holdings made an offer of $58million on July 9, 2020; NordStar subsequently increased its offer to $60million, effectively ending the bidding war. A vast majority of shareholders subsequently voted in favour of the deal. The takeover was approved by an Ontario judge on July 27, 2020. An appeal of the judgement by another prospective purchaser failed on July 31 when Ontario Superior Court Justice Michael Penny dismissed the motion. The deal was expected to close during the following week.

Content

Editorial position

Like its competitor ''The Globe and Mail'', the ''Star'' covers "a spectrum of opinion that is best described as urban and Central Canadian" in character. The ''Star'' is generally centrist and centre-left, and is more socially liberal than ''The Globe and Mail''.Elke Winter, ''Us, Them and Others: Pluralism and National Identities in Diverse Societies'' (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 96. The paper has aligned itself over the years with the progressive "Atkinson principles" named for publisher Joseph E. Atkinson,Kenyon Wallace
How the Star is making its political endorsements more transparent
''Toronto Star'' (May 26, 2018). who was editor and publisher of the paper for 50 years.Tamar Harris

''Toronto Star'' (November 4, 2017). These principles included social justice and social welfare provision, as well as individual rights and civil liberties. In 1984, scholar Wilfred H. Kesterton described the ''Star'' as "perpetually indignant" because of its social consciousness. When Atkinson's son Joseph Story Atkinson became president of the ''Star'' in 1957, he said, "From its inception in 1892, the ''Star'' has been a champion of social and economic reform, a defender of minority rights, a foe of discrimination, a friend of organized labour and a staunch advocate of Canadian nationhood."

Another of the "Atkinson principles" has been a "strong, united and independent Canada"; in a 1927 editorial, the paper wrote, "We believe in the British connection as much as anybody does but on a self-respecting basis of equality, of citizenship, and not on the old basis of one country belonging to the other." The paper was historically wary of American influence, and during the debates over the North American Free Trade Agreement, the paper was frequently critical of free trade and expressed concerns about Canadian sovereignty. The paper has been traditionally supportive of official bilingualism and maintaining Canadian unity in opposition to Quebec separatism.

In the 1980s, Michael Farber wrote in the '' Montreal Gazette'' that the ''Star''s coverage was Toronto-centric to the point that any story was said to carry an explanation as to "What it means to Metro." Conversely, Canadian sociologist Elke Winter wrote in 2011 that the ''Toronto Star'' was less "Toronto-centric" than its rival, ''The Globe and Mail'', writing that the ''Star'' "consciously reports for and from Canada's most multicultural city" and catered to a diverse readership.

The advent of the ''National Post'' in 1998 shook up the Toronto newspaper market. In the upheaval that followed, editorial spending increased and there was much turnover of editors and publishers.

Election endorsements

In the 50 years to 1972, the ''Star'' endorsed the Liberal Party in each federal general election.Kathy English
Why do newspapers endorse?
''Toronto Star'' (October 11, 2008). In the fifteen federal elections between 1968 and 2019, the ''Star'' has endorsed the Liberal Party eleven times, the New Democratic Party twice, and the Progressive Conservative Party twice.

Elections in which the ''Star'' did not endorse the Liberals took place in 1972 and 1974 (when it endorsed the Progressive Conservatives), and 1979 and 2011 (when it endorsed the NDP). In the 2011 election, the ''Star'' endorsed the NDP under Jack Layton, but to avoid vote splitting that could inadvertently help the Conservatives under Stephen Harper, which it saw as the worst outcome for the country, the paper also recommended Canadians vote strategically by voting for "the progressive candidate best placed to win" in certain ridings. For the 2015 election, the ''Star'' endorsed the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau, and did so again in the 2019 federal election.

In Toronto's non-partisan mayoral elections, the ''Star'' endorsed George Smitherman in 2010 and John Tory in 2014 and 2018.

Features

The ''Star'' is one of the few Canadian newspapers that employs a " public editor" (ombudsman) and was the first to do so. Its newsroom policy and journalistic standards guide is also published online.

Other notable features include:
* optional supplements on Saturday and Sunday include Starweek (television listings and episode summaries), abridged version of '' The New York Times'' international section). Starweek and ''The New York Times'' supplements require separate additional payment)

The ''Star'' states that it favours an inclusive, " big tent" approach, not wishing to attract one group of readers at the expense of others. It publishes regular features on real estate (including condominiums), individual neighbourhoods (and street name etymologies), shopping, cooking, dining, alcoholic beverages (right down to having an exclusive on the anti-competitive practices of the Beer Store that led to major reforms on the sale of alcohol in Ontario grocery stores in 2015 by Premier Kathleen Wynne and Ed Clark), automobiles (as Wheels), and travel destinations.

Products

Website

The ''Star'' has maintained a website where it publishes its content since 1996. On October 2012, the ''Star'' announced its intention to implement a paywall on its website, thestar.com, which was made effective on August 13, 2013. Readers with daily home delivery had free access to all its digital content. Those without a digital subscription can view up to ten articles a month. The paywall does not apply to its sister sites, such as wheels.ca (automotive news and classifieds). However, during 2015, the ''Star'' announced that it would end its paywall, which it did on April 1, 2015. In June 2018, the ''Star'' announced it was implementing a paywall again.

Mobile app

On September 15, 2015, the ''Toronto Star'' released the Toronto Star Touch tablet app, which was a free interactive news app with interactive advertisements. It was discontinued in 2017. At launch, it was only available for the iPad, which uses iOS. Based on a similar app for Montreal-based '' La Presse'' released in 2013, Star Touch is the first such app for any English-language news organization, quality-wise. In slightly over 50 days since launch, the app had reached the 100,000-download milestone. The Android version was launched on December 1, 2015. The iOS version is rated 12+ by Apple's App Store guidelines and the Android version is rated Mature 17+ by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).

Circulation

The ''Toronto Star'' has seen, like most Canadian daily newspapers, a decline in circulation. Its total circulation dropped by percent to 318,763 copies daily from 2009 to 2015.

Offices

The ''Toronto Star'' has been located at several addresses since 1892.

* 1892: 83 Yonge Street (shared with '' The Toronto World'')
* 1896: 26–28 Adelaide Street West
* 1905: 18–20 King Street West
* 1929: 80 King Street West ( Old Toronto Star Building)
* 1970: One Yonge Street
* ''The Star'' will be relocating to 410 Front Street West in 2022.

Notable staff

Publishers

* Joseph E. Atkinson (1899–1948)
* Joseph S. Atkinson (1948–1966)
* Beland Honderich (1966–1988)
* David R. Jolley (1988–1994)
* John Honderich (1995–2004)
* Michael Goldbloom (2004–2006)
* Jagoda Pike (2006–2008)
* Donald Babick (2008)
* John Cruickshank (2009–2016)
* John Boynton (2017–2020)
* Jordan L. Bitove (since 2020)

Journalists and columnists

* Pierre Berton
* Tony Burman
* Morley Callaghan
* June Callwood
* Greg Clark
* Jeremy Clarkson
* Erin Combs
* Daniel Dale
* Susan Delacourt
* Rosie DiManno
* Robyn Doolittle
* Milt Dunnell
* Joe Fiorito
* Graham Fraser
* Michael Geist
* Carol Goar
* Alison Gordon
* Richard Gwyn
* Matthew Halton
* Tom Harpur
* Chantal Hébert
* Ernest Hemingway
* W. A. Hewitt
* Kim Hughes
* Cathal Kelly
* Marc and Craig Kielburger
* Naomi Klein
* Faisal Kutty
* Michele Landsberg
* Gary Lautens
* Duncan Macpherson
* Linda McQuaig
* Earl McRae
* Heather Mallick
* Lou Marsh
* Peter C. Newman
* Cleo Paskal
* Angelo Persichilli
* Jim Proudfoot
* Ben Rayner
* Ellen Roseman
* Robert Service
* Haroon Siddiqui
* Gordon Sinclair
* Randy Starkman
* Walter Stewart
* Tanya Talaga
* Charles Templeton
* Ellie Tesher
* James Travers
* Thomas Walkom
* Claire Wallace
* Antonia Zerbisias

Cartoonists

* Walter Ball
* Sid Barron
* Jimmy Frise
* Duncan Macpherson
* Dušan Petričić
* Ben Wicks

See also

* ''Grant v Torstar Corp''
* Media in Canada
* List of media outlets in Toronto
* List of newspapers in Canada
* List of the largest Canadian newspapers by circulation

Notes

References

Further reading

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External links

*
''Toronto Star''
– ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''
''Toronto Star''
– ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
''Toronto Star'' photograph archive
– Toronto Public Library

{{Authority control

1892 establishments in Ontario
Daily newspapers published in Ontario
Newspapers published in Toronto
Publications established in 1892
Torstar publications