Christian-socialist

Christian socialism is a religious and political philosophy that blends Christianity and socialism, endorsing left-wing politics and socialist economics on the basis of the Bible and the teachings of Jesus. Many Christian socialists believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in the sin of greed. Christian socialists identify the cause of social inequality to be the greed that they associate with capitalism. Christian socialism became a major movement in the United Kingdom beginning in the 19th century. The Christian Socialist Movement, known as Christians on the Left since 2013, is one formal group, as well as a faction of the Labour Party.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, socialism is a "social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members. ..Early Christian communities also practised the sharing of goods and labour, a simple form of socialism subsequently followed in certain forms of monasticism. Several monastic orders continue these practices today". The Christian socialist Hutterites believe in strict adherence to biblical principles, "church discipline" and practised a form of communism. The Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified perspective. As an economic system, Christian communism was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe" such as the German Peasants' War and "Friedrich Engels as proto-Communists".

Other earlier figures are also viewed as Christian socialists, such as the 19th-century writers Frederick Denison Maurice (''The Kingdom of Christ'', 1838), John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow (''The Christian Socialist'', 1850), John Ruskin (''Unto This Last'', 1862), Charles Kingsley ( ''The Water-Babies'', 1863), Thomas Hughes (''Tom Brown's Schooldays'', 1857), Frederick James Furnivall (co-creator of the ''Oxford English Dictionary''), Adin Ballou (''Practical Christian Socialism'', 1854), and Francis Bellamy (a Baptist minister and the author of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance).

History

Biblical age

Elements that would form the basis of Christian socialism are found in the Old and New Testaments.

Old Testament

The Old Testament had divided perspectives on the issue of poverty. One part of the Biblical tradition held that poverty was judgment of God upon the wicked while viewing prosperity as a reward for the good, stating in the that " e righteous have enough to satisfy their appetite, but the belly of the wicked is empty." However, there are other sections that instruct generosity to the "have nots" of society. Mosaic Law instructs followers to treat neighbours equally and to be generous to have nots such as stating:

Some of the Psalms include many references to social justice for the poor:

Amos emphasizes the need for "justice" and "righteousness" that is described as conduct that emphasizes love for those who are poor and to oppose oppression and injustice towards the poor. The prophet Isaiah, to whom is attributed the first thirty-nine chapters of the Book of Isaiah known as Proto-Isaiah, followed upon Amos' themes of justice and righteousness involving the poor as necessary for followers of God, denouncing those who do not do these things, stating:

The Book of Sirach, one of the Deuterocanonical or Apocryphal books of the Old Testament, denounces the pursuit of wealth, stating:

New Testament

The teachings of Jesus are frequently described as socialist, especially by Christian socialists. records that in the early church in Jerusalem " one claimed that any of their possessions was their own", although the pattern would later disappear from church history except within monasticism. Christian socialism was one of the founding threads of the British Labour Party and is claimed to begin with the uprising of Wat Tyler and John Ball in the 14th century CE.

In the New Testament, Jesus identifies himself with the hungry, the poor, the sick, and the prisoners. Matthew 25:31–46 is a major component of Christianity and is considered the cornerstone of Christian socialism. Another key statement in the New Testament that is an important component of Christian socialism is Luke 10:25–37 that follows the statement "You shall love your neighbour as yourself" with the question "And who is my neighbour?" In the Parable of the Good Samaritan. Jesus gives the response that the neighbour includes anyone in need, even people we might be expected to shun. The Samaritans and Jews claim descension from different Tribes of Israel, which had faced a schism prior to the events described in the New Testament. This schism lead to inter-ethnic and inter-religious conflict between the two groups.

Luke 6:20–21 shows Jesus narrating the Sermon on the Plain, stating: "Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are you that hunger now, for you shall be satisfied." Christian socialists note that James the Just, the brother of Jesus, criticizes the rich intensely and in strong language in the Epistle of James:

During the New Testament period and beyond, there is evidence that many Christian communities practised forms of sharing, redistribution and communism. Some of the Bible verses which inspired the communal economic arrangements of the Hutterites are found in the book of Acts:

Church Fathers age

Basil of Caesarea, the Father of the Eastern monks who became Bishop of Caesarea, established a complex around the church and monastery that included hostels, almshouses, and hospitals for infectious diseases. During the great famine of 368, Basil denounced against profiteers and the indifferent rich. Basil wrote a sermon on the Parable of the Rich Fool in which he states:

John Chrysostom declared his reasons for his attitude towards the rich and position of attitude towards wealth by stating:

Early modern period

During the English Civil War and the period of the Commonwealth of England (1642-1660), the Diggers espoused a political and economic theory rooted in Christianity that bears a strong resemblance to modern socialism, particularly its anarchist and communist strains.

19th century to present

In France Philippe Buchez began to characterize his philosophy as Christian socialism in the 1820s and 1830s. A variety of socialist perspectives emerged in 19th century Britain, beginning with John Ruskin.

Edward R. Norman identifies three "immediate intellectual sources" for mid-century Christian socialism: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Carlyle, and Thomas Arnold.

John Ruskin

The influential Victorian art critic John Ruskin expounded theories about social justice in ''Unto This Last'' (1860). In it, he stated four goals that might be called "socialist" although Ruskin did not use the term.
# " aining schools for youth, established at government cost".
# In connection with these schools, the government should establish "manufactories and workshops, for the production and sale of every necessary of life".
# All unemployed people should be "set to work" or trained for work if needed or forced to work if necessary.
# " r the old and destitute, comfort and home should be provided".

Although Ruskin was not "an authentic Socialist in any of its various nineteenth-century meanings" as his only real contact with the Christian socialists came through the Working Men's College, he influenced later socialist thinking, especially William Morris.

Artists

The painters of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were influenced and sponsored by Ruskin. The artist William Morris was a leader of the Socialist League founded in December 1884.

Fabian Society

The Fabian Society was founded in 1884, with both Sydney and Beatrice Webb being among its leading members. The Fabians influenced members of the Bloomsbury Group and were important in the early history of the British Labour Party.

= Episcopal Church Socialist League and the Church League for Industrial Democracy

=
Founded in 1911 by Vida Dutton Scudder, herself influenced by the Fabian Society, the Episcopal Church Socialist League and its successor the Church League for Industrial Democracy sought to ally Christian doctrine with the plight of the working class as a part of the larger social gospel movement that was taking hold of many urban churches across the United States in the early 20th century.

Bishop Spalding

In the November 1914 issue of ''The Christian Socialist'', Episcopal bishop Franklin Spencer Spalding of Utah stated:

Christian anarchism

Although anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of or vehemently opposed to organized religion, some anarchists have provided religious interpretations and approaches to anarchism, including the idea that glorification of the state is a form of sinful idolatry.

Christian anarchists claim anarchism is inherent in Christianity and the Gospels, that it is grounded in the belief that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable—the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus. It therefore rejects the idea that human governments have ultimate authority over human societies. Christian anarchists denounce the state, believing it is violent, deceitful and, when glorified, idolatrous.

The foundation of Christian anarchism is a rejection of violence, with Leo Tolstoy's ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'' regarded as a key text. Tolstoy sought to separate Russian Orthodox Christianity—which was merged with the state—from what he believed was the true message of Jesus as contained in the Gospels, specifically in the Sermon on the Mount. Tolstoy takes the viewpoint that all governments who wage war, and churches who in turn support those governments, are an affront to the Christian principles of Christian nonviolence, nonviolence and Nonresistance#Christian theology, nonresistance. Although Tolstoy never actually used the term ''Christian anarchism'' in ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'', reviews of this book following its publication in 1894 appear to have coined the term.

Christian anarchists hold that the "Reign of God" is the proper expression of the relationship between God and humanity. Under the "Reign of God", human relationships would be characterized by divided authority, servant leadership, and universal compassion—not by the hierarchical, authoritarian structures that are normally attributed to Organized religion, religious social order. Most Christian anarchists are Christian pacifism, pacifists who reject war and the use of violence. More than any other Bible source, the Sermon on the Mount is used as the basis for Christian anarchism. Leo Tolstoy's ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'' is often regarded as a key text for modern Christian anarchism.

Critics of Christian anarchism include both Christians and anarchists. Christians often cite Romans 13 as evidence that the Christian anarchism#State authority, state should be obeyed while Anarchism and religion, secular anarchists do not believe in any authority including God as per the slogan "no gods, no masters". Christian anarchists often believe Romans 13 is taken out of context, emphasizing that Revelation 13 and Isaiah 13, among other passages, are needed to fully understand Romans 13 text.

Christian democracy

The political movement of Christian democracy espouses some values of Christian socialism in the form of "economic justice" and "social welfare". It opposes an "individualist worldview" and approves state intervention in the economy in defence of "human dignity". On the other hand, because of its "close association with Roman Catholicism", Christian democracy differs from Christian socialism by its emphasis on "traditional church and family values", its defence of "private property" and by its opposition to "excessive intervention of the state".

Christian democratic parties under various names were formed in Europe and Latin America after World War II. Some became "a major political force".

Communism

Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity and the view that the teachings of Jesus compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. While there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible (Acts of the Apostles)Acts 2:44, 4:32–37; 5:1–12. Other verses are: Matthew 5:1–12, 6:24, Luke 3:11, 16:11, 2 Corinthians 8:13–15 and James 5:3. suggests that the first Christians, including the Apostles in the New Testament, apostles, established their own communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection. Advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practised by the apostles themselves. Some independent historians confirm it.

Liberation theology

Liberation theology is a synthesis of Christian theology and socio-economic analyses, that emphasizes "social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples." Beginning in the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council, liberation theology became the political Praxis (process), praxis of Latin American theologians such as Gustavo Gutiérrez, Leonardo Boff and the Jesuits Juan Luis Segundo and Jon Sobrino, who popularized the phrase "preferential option for the poor". This expression was used first by Jesuit Fr. General Pedro Arrupe in 1968 and soon after this the World Synod of Catholic Bishops in 1971 chose as its theme "Justice in the World".

The Latin American context produced evangelical advocates of liberation theology such as Rubem Alves, José Míguez Bonino and C. René Padilla, who called for integral mission in the 1970s, emphasizing evangelism and social responsibility. Theologies of liberation have developed in other parts of the world such as black theology in the United States and South Africa, Palestinian liberation theology, Dalit theology in India and Minjung theology in South Korea.

Spiritualism and occultism

After 1848, utopian socialist ideas continued in new religious movements such as occultism and spiritualism. They were often marked by a heterodox Christian identity and a decidedly anti-materialist attitude.

In Catholicism

Communism and socialism have been condemned by Pope Pius IX, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius X, Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII, Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul II. Pope Benedict XVI also condemned both ideologies, while distinguishing them from Democratic Socialism, which he praised. The views of Pope Francis on the issue have also been called into question, with some arguing he holds socialist or communist views, while others argue he does not. Pope Francis has denied accusations of him being a communist, calling them a "misinterpretation" of his views. Francis has both denounced "marxism, Marxist ideology" as "wrong" and praised communists for "[thinking] like Christians."

19th century

Pope Pius IX criticized socialism in his works ''Nostis et nobiscum'' and ''Quanta Cura''. In his 1849 work ''Nostis et nobiscum'', he refers to communism and socialism as "wicked theories" which confuse people with "perverted teachings." In his 1864 work ''Quanta Cura'', he refers to communism and socialism as a "fatal error."

Communism was later strongly criticized in the 1878 papal encyclical ''Quod Apostolici Muneris'' by Pope Leo XIII as he believed that it led to state domination over the freedom of the individual and quelled proper religious worship, inherently turning the top hierarchical power over to the state instead of God. Leo writes in this work that socialists steal "the very Gospel itself with a view to deceive more easily the unwary" and "distort it so as to suit their own purposes." In his 1891 encyclical ''Rerum Novarum'', Leo XIII strongly attacked socialism, stating that it acts against natural injustice and destroys the home. He writes that socialism "must be utterly rejected" by Catholics.

However, the labour movement in Ireland and the United States nonetheless traces its origins back to Roman Catholicism and the 1891 encyclical ''Rerum Novarum'' and the various subsequent encyclicals it spawned. The Starry Plough (flag), Starry Plough, a symbol associated with socialism in Ireland, was designed with an explicit reference to Catholicism in mind. The right to association such as the creation of and involvement in trade unions and co-operatives are regarded as a core part of Roman Catholic social teaching. The Knights of Saint Columbanus too can trace its origins back to ''Rerum novarum''.

20th century

In 1901, Leo XIII once again condemned socialism in his encyclical ''Graves de communi re'', referring to it as a "harvest of misery" ''.

In 1910, Pope Pius X attacked socialism in his Apostolic letter ''Notre Charge Apostolique'', predicting that the rise of socialism will be "a tumultuous agitation".

In 1914, Pope Benedict XV wrote his encyclical ''Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum'', which reaffirmed the anti-socialist stance of the Catholic Church, calling on Catholics to remember "the errors of Socialism and of similar doctrines", as taught by his predecessors.

In 1931, Pope Pius XI wrote his work ''Quadragesimo anno'', wherein Pius describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. Pius XI called upon true socialism to distance itself from totalitarian communism as a matter of clarity and also as a matter of principle. Communists were accused of attempting to overthrow all existing civil society. It was argued that Christian socialism, if allied to communism, was deemed to be an oxymoron because of this. Pius XI famously wrote at the time that "Religious socialism, Christian socialism, are contradictory terms; no one can be at the same time a good Catholic and a true socialist".

Nonetheless, some prominent Catholic socialists did exist during Pope Pius XI's era such as Dorothy Day in the United States (who later abandoned these beliefs and advocated for distributism) and Father Michael O'Flanagan (who was suspended for his political beliefs) in Ireland. Pius XI also clarified that a Catholic was free to vote for the Labour Party, the British affiliate of the Socialist International. Later, in 1937, Pius XI rejected atheistic communism in an encyclical entitled Divini Redemptoris as "a system full of errors and sophisms", with a "pseudo-ideal of justice, equality, and fraternity" and "a certain false mysticism", and contrasted it with a humane society (''civitas humana'').

In 1949, Pope Pius XII issued the Decree against Communism, which declared Catholics who professed Communist doctrine to be Excommunication (Catholic Church), excommunicated as apostates from the Christian faith. In 1952, when referring to socialism Pius XII stated that "The Church will fight this battle to the end, for it is a question of supreme values: the dignity of man and the salvation of souls."

In 1959, on the question of whether Catholics could "associate themselves with the communists and support them with their course of action", a response from the Holy Office under Pope John XXIII replied "No". On May 15, 1961, John XXIII promulgated the encyclical ''Mater et magistra'', which reaffirmed the Church's anti-socialist stances. John XXIII wrote

In 1971, Pope Paul VI wrote the Apostolic Letter Octogesima Adveniens, stating: "Too often Christians attracted by socialism tend to idealize it in terms which, apart from anything else, are very general: a will for justice, solidarity and equality. They refuse to recognize the limitations of the historical socialist movements, which remain conditioned by the ideologies from which they originated."

Pope John Paul II attacked socialism in his 1991 encyclical Centesimus annus, writing:

The 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church, also promulgated by Pope John Paul II, condemns socialism in paragraph 2425, stating:

21st century

In 2004, Pope Benedict XVI addressed the Italian Senate, declaring that "[i]n many respects democratic socialism was and is close to Catholic social doctrine; in any case, it contributed toward the formation of a social consciousness". In 2005, Benedict XVI attacked socialism in his encyclical Deus caritas est, stating, "We do not need a State which regulates and controls everything, but a State which, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, generously acknowledges and supports initiatives arising from the different social forces and combines spontaneity with closeness to those in need. The Church is one of those living forces...In the end, the claim that just social structures would make works of charity superfluous masks a materialist conception of man...a conviction that demeans man and ultimately disregards all that is specifically human." In 2007, Benedict XVI attacked Karl Marx in his encyclical Spe Salvi, stating that "[w]ith the victory of the revolution, though, Marx's fundamental error also became evident. He showed precisely how to overthrow the existing order, but he did not say how matters should proceed thereafter...He forgot that freedom always remains also freedom for evil. He thought that once the economy had been put right, everything would automatically be put right. His real error is materialism: man, in fact, is not merely the product of economic conditions, and it is not possible to redeem him purely from the outside by creating a favourable economic environment."

Pope Francis has been viewed as having some sympathy to socialist causes, with his frequent criticism of neoliberalism. Francis claimed that the world economy is "[f]undamental terrorism, against all of Humanity" and that "[i]f anything, it is the communists who think like Christians. Christ spoke of a society where the poor, the weak and the marginalized have the right to decide." When later questioned on whether or not he is a communist, Francis responded "As for whether or not I’m a communist: I am sure that I have not said anything more than what the Church’s social doctrine teaches…maybe the impression of being a little more “of the left” has been given, but that would be a misinterpretation" and that "Marxist ideology is wrong."

More recently, movements such as liberation theology have argued for the compatibility of socialism and Catholicism, though they have been rejected by Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI. António Guterres, a practicing Catholic and current Secretary-General of the United Nations is the immediate past President of the Socialist International.

In Calvinism

In France, the birthplace of Calvinism, the ''Christianisme Social'' (Social Christianity) movement emerged from the preaching of Tommy Fallot in the 1870s. Early on, the movement focused on such issues as illiteracy and alcoholism amongst the poor. After the First World War, Social Christianity moved in two directions: towards pacifism and towards ecumenism.

Hence within the movement emerged conscientious objectors such as Jacques Martin (pacifist), Jacques Martin, Philo Vernier and Henri Roser, economists pursuing policies that reflected cooperation and solidarity (such as Bernard Lavergne and Georges Lasserre), and theologians such as Paul Ricoeur. One of the pastors in the movement, Jacques Kaltenbach, was also to have a formative influence on André and Magda Trocmé, André Trocmé.

Under the Vichy regime which had seen the emergence of other forms of witness, particularly the support of internees in the camps and aiding Jews to escape, the movement was reborn to tackle the problems of a changing world. It expressed a Christian socialism, more or less in line with the beginning of a new political left. Political activism was very broad and included the denunciation of torture, East–West debate on European integration and taking a stance on the process of decolonization. It facilitated meetings between employers, managers and trade unionists to discern a new economic order.

After the events of May 68, Calvinism in France became much more left-wing in its orientation. One doctrinal text produced in this period, ''Church and Authorities'', was described as Marxist in its orientation. Churches now seized for themselves the political and social issues to tackle, such as nuclear power and justice for the Third World.

In the early 2000s, the Social Christianity movement temporarily discontinued and its journal ''Other Times'' ceased to be published. However, the movement was relaunched on 10 June 2010 with a petition signed by over 240 people and now maintains an active presence with its own website.

Economically, Most Calvinists have supported capitalism and have been in the vanguard of promoting market capitalism and have produced many of France's leading entrepreneurs. With regard to politics and social issues however, they are very much socialists. Three of France's post-war prime ministers have been Calvinists, despite Protestants only making up two percent of the population. Two of these prime ministers have been socialists.

In Australia, the academic Roland Boer has attempted to synthesize Calvinism and Marxism. He has stated that "it became clear to me that within Christianity there is a strong tradition of political and theological radicalism, which I continued to explore personally. Reformed or Calvinist theology did not seem to sit easily with that interest, so I spent many a long year rejecting that tradition, only to realise later that Calvin himself was torn between the radical potential of elements in the Bible and his own conservative preferences".

In Wales, Calvinistic Methodists, Calvinistic Methodism is the largest non-conformist religion. Its beginnings may be traced to Griffith Jones (Llanddowror), Griffith Jones (1684–1761), of Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, whose sympathy for the poor led him to set on foot a system of circulating charity schools for the education of children. However, until the nineteenth century, the prevailing thought amongst Welsh non-conformists was that "it would be wiser if the churches limited their activities to those of the altar and not to meddle at all with the state and social questions". This stemmed partly from the traditional nonconformist belief in the separation of church and state.

In his influential sermon ''Y Ddwy Alwedigaeth'' (''The Two Vocations''), Emrys ap Iwan challenged this passive pietism: "We must not think, like the old Methodists, Puritans and some Catholics, that we can only seek Godliness outside our earthly vocation." He condemned those Christians who limited godliness to directly religious matters such as Sabbath observance and personal devotion. He declared that all earthly things, including language and culture, have some kind of divine origin.

Many of the founders of the Welsh nationalist social-democratic party, Plaid Cymru were also devout Calvinists, including John Edward Daniel. Daniel was the theologian credited for bringing neo-orthodoxy to Wales. Daniel argued that God did not create man as an isolated individual but as a social being.

The second generation of Plaid Cymru leaders included R. Tudur Jones. His political stance, combined with Calvinist doctrine, created an integrated vision that was significant to the religious life of Christian Wales in the later half of the 20th century. Jones argued that the "state should be a servant, to preserve order and to allow men to live the good life".

Today, many Calvinist socialists in Wales support same-sex marriage on the grounds that it delivers marriage equality in the eyes of the state while still allowing churches to follow their own conscience, thus upholding the traditional Protestant belief in separation of church and state.

The Calvinist tradition in Plaid Cymru has also influenced its non-violent approach. According to Rhys Llwyd, " e ideal is no fist violence, no verbal violence, and no heart violence. ..Christians ..point to the New Testament example of Jesus Christ clearing the temple. Here there is no suggestion of violence against people; rather the tables are turned as a symbolic act. The life and teaching of Jesus Christ were seen as the foundations of nonviolent direct action [for Plaid Cymru members] ..loving their enemies on the one hand, but not compromising on what they saw as an issue of moral rightness". Plaid Cymru continues to see itself as very much part of the Christian pacifist tradition.

Criticism

In ''Rendering Unto Caesar'', Lawrence Reed, president emeritus of the Libertarianism in the United States, libertarian-leaning Foundation for Economic Education, writes that Jesus was not a socialist in that he promoted voluntary giving and charity rather than the mandatory taking by government (taxes). Conservatism in the United States, Conservative Evangelical Christian Johnnie Moore Jr., Professor of Religion at Liberty University, a "bastion of the Christian right" in American politics, writing on the homepage of Fox News Radio's Todd Starnes, claimed that Jesus was a capitalist. Traditionalist conservatism in the United States, Traditionalist conservative Bryan Fischer of the American Family Association, a Christian fundamentalist organization in the United States, also claimed that Jesus was a capitalist who advocated "voluntary redistribution of wealth".

Charles Haddon Spurgeon was critical of socialist doctrines, and warned that those who seek socialism "may soon have too much of it". Specifically, he regarded collectivist Christianity as inferior to faith on an individual level. He said that "I would not have you exchange the gold of individual Christianity for the base metal of Christian socialism".

Christian socialist parties

* Agricultural People's Front of Peru
* Christian Democracy (Greece)
* Sandinista National Liberation Front
* Citizen Left (Chile)
* Democratic Party (Italy), Democratic Party (Italy) (factions)
* Christian Social Party (Netherlands), Christian Social Party (the Netherlands)
* Christian Social Party (Switzerland)
* Labour Party (United Kingdom) (factions)
* Social Democratic Party (Romania)
* League of Christian Socialists (the Netherlands)
* Le Sillon (France)
* Young Republic League, Ligue de la jeune République (France)

Notable Christian socialists

The following list includes notable followers of Christian socialism such as:
* R. H. Tawney, ethical socialist, who believed Christianity was the basis of a new morality that secular expression in social democracy
* John Archer (New Zealand politician), John Archer, former Mayor of Christchurch and President of the New Zealand Labour Party
* Tetsu Katayama, former Prime Minister of Japan
* Francis Bellamy, original author of the Pledge of Allegiance
* Tony Benn, British Parliamentarian and campaigner
* William Dwight Porter Bliss, American Episcopal priest, writer, editor, and activist
* Sergei Bulgakov, Russian Orthodox Christian theologian, philosopher and economist
* Hélder Câmara, Roman Catholic bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda e Recife, Olinda e Recife, Brazil
* Hugo Chávez, former President of Venezuela
* Percy Dearmer, English priest and liturgist
* Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician and Baptist minister, Premier of Saskatchewan
* Marion Howard Dunham, American teacher, activist, suffragist; Corresponding Secretary, Women's National Socialist Union
* Barry Gardiner, British Labour Party politician.
* David Bentley Hart, American Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox philosophical theologian
* Hewlett Johnson, English Anglican priest, called "The Red Dean of Canterbury" and author of ''The Socialist Sixth of the World'' (1939) and ''Soviet Russia Since the War'' (1947)
*Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Luther King Jr., American Baptists, Baptist minister and civil rights activist
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* Kenneth Leech, English Anglican priest and theologian
* Walter Nash, former Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the New Zealand Labour Party
* Kevin Rudd, former Prime Minister of Australia
* Desmond Tutu, South African theologian and former Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, Archbishop of Cape Town

See also

* Agrarian socialism
* Christian anarchism
* Christian communism
* Christian left
* Christian libertarianism
* Christian views on poverty and wealth
* Distributism
* Ethical socialism
* Japan Socialist Party
* Jesus and the rich young man
* Labour Church
* Liberation theology
* Omnia sunt communia
* Political Catholicism
* Political theology
* Progressive Christianity
* Religion and Socialism Commission
* Spiritual left

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian Socialism
Christian socialism,
Christianity and political ideologies, Socialism
Christian terminology
Religious socialism
Economy and Christianity