Chola navy

The Cholas did not have a standing navy in the modern sense. The maritime force of Cholas was formed by using ships used for trade, as they did not have a dedicated ship for naval combat. The ships were used for transporting the land army overseas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power from the latter half of the 9th century CE through the early 13th century CE. Between 1010 and 1153 CE, Rajaraja's successors continued the expansion, making the Chola Empire a military, economic and cultural power in South and South-East Asia.Keay, John (12 April 2011),
India - A History
', Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, . During this period, the Chola Navy helped expand the empire with Naval expeditions to the Pala of Pataliputra, along the Ganges and the Chola invasion of Srivijaya (present-day Indonesia) in 1025 CE,Meyer, p. 73 as well as repeated embassies to China. The Chola Navy declined in the 13th century when the Cholas fought land battles with the Chalukyas of Andhra-Kannada area in South India, and with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty.

History

Imperial Chola period (848–1070 CE)

Rajaraja I and Rajendra I

Under Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the northernmost atolls of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river Ganges and defeated the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. He also successfully raided kingdoms of Maritime Southeast Asia.

An inscription from Sirkazhi, dated to 1187 AD, mentions a naval officer called Araiyan Kadalkolamitantaan alias Amarakon Pallavaraiyan. He is mentioned as the ''Tandalnayagam'' of the ''Karaippadaiyilaar''. The term ''Karaippadaiyilaar'' means "forces or army of the seashore" and the title ''Tandalnayagam'' is similar to ''Dandanayaka'' and means "commander of the forces". The title ''Kadalkolamitantaan'' means "one who floated while the sea was engulfed".

Trade, commerce, and diplomacy

The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia. A fragmentary Tamil inscription found in Sumatra cites the name of a merchant guild ''Nanadesa Tisaiyayirattu Ainnutruvar'' (literally, "the five hundred from the four countries and the thousand directions"), a famous merchant guild in the Chola country. The inscription is dated 1088, indicating that there was an active overseas trade during the Chola period.

Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity, especially with the Chinese and Arabs. The Cholas, being in possession of parts of both the west and the east coasts of peninsular India, were at the forefront of these ventures. The Tang dynasty of China, the Srivijaya empire in the Malayan archipelago under the Sailendras, and the Abbasid caliphate at Baghdad were the main trading partners.

Cooperation with the Chinese

Chinese Song Dynasty reports record that an embassy from ''Chulian'' (Chola) reached the Chinese court in the year 1077, and that the king of the Chulien at the time was called ''Ti-hua-kia-lo''. It is possible that these syllables denote "Deva Kulounga (Kulothunga Chola I). This embassy was a trading venture and was highly profitable to the visitors, who returned with "81,800 strings of copper coins in exchange for articles of tributes, including glass articles, and spices".

Vessels and weapons

Periplus 244 Indian coins.png, Left: Kurumbar or Pallava coin of the Coromandel coast; showing a two-masted ship like the modern coasting vessel or '' d'honi'', Right: Andhra coin from Eastern Indian coast, showing a two-masted ship, ca. 1st–3rd century AD.
Ajanta Caves boat sketched by Mookerji.jpg, Sketch of a ship based on a mural in Ajanta Caves, ca. 6th century.

Information regarding Chola vessels is lacking. Because of this, the technique used for naval battles and how the battles were fought is unknown. R.C. Majumdar argues that the naval battles fought by Chola are basically land battles fought on ships, and the ships used were transports used for transporting the army.

Rajendra Chola's inscriptions mentioned the term ''kalam'', which is a usual term for a ship. Tamil inscription of 1088 from Barus, Sumatra and dated to 1088 mentioned ''marakkalam'' (timber ship). The size of the ship and where it was constructed are unknown. A Tamil inscription of about 1200/1256 AD from Krishnapattinam, on the Andhra coast, mentioned several sea vessels: There are ''marakkalam'', ''toni'', ''kalavam'', ''vedi'', and ''padavu''. Their size is not recorded, Y. Subbarayalu thinks that the ''marakkalam'' may have been the biggest since it was mentioned first, and it may be about 4 times bigger than ''padavu'' since it was charged 4 times the charge on ''padavu''. The ''toni'' (also pronounced as ''dhony'') was charged the same amount as ''marakkalam'', but according to Subbarayalu they may be smaller than ''marakkalam'' in size. The ''dhony'' continued operating in the 19th century, plying the routes between Sri Lanka and Madras (Chennai). The ''dhony'' was long, wide, deep, with no decks, and had one mast.

Campaigns

Chola military campaigns late 10th and early 11th centuries were in fact plundering raids. This is done to ensure the entry of spoils, which can be in the form of livestock, jewelry, and other forms of property.

See also

* Chola dynasty
* Chola military
* Dravidian architecture

References

Footnotes

External links

* http://www.tifr.res.in/~akr/crab_webtifr.html (Indian subcontinent section)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20080514170634/http://www.sabrizain.demon.co.uk/malaya/early2.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20091203133836/http://www.tsr8283.com/general/history.htm
* http://nandhivarman.indiainteracts.com/2007/11/01/chola-maritime-conquests-and-technological-grandeur/
* http://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Archeaology/arch_tambaramhistory.htm
* http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/print.php?uid=1012
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081105144141/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1600s/Prakash.html
*
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* {{Citation , last = Rao , first = K.V. Ramakrishna , title = The Shipping Technology of Cholas , journal = 27th Annual South Indian History Congress , pages = 326–345 , year = 2007 , url = https://sangam.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-Shipping-Technology-of-Cholas-2007.pdf
Navy
Military of Chola
History of Thanjavur
Military history of Southeast Asia
Naval history of India
Disbanded navies