Chitrapur Guru Parampara

The Chitrapur Guru Parampara (Devanagari चित्रापुर गुरु परंपरा,') or ''Guru Heritage'' of the Chitrāpur Sāraswat Brahmins is the lineage of spiritual teachers (gurus), also known as ''Mathadhipatis ()'' (head of the Chitrāpur Math, ') who have led the community throughout its history.

These teachers are viewed as the torch-bearers of the rich culture and heritage that the community has passed down from generation to generation. Starting with Param Poojya Parijnanāshram I Swamiji in 1708, the Parampara (lineage) continues through to the present ''Mathādhipati'' of the Chitrāpur Math Param Poojya Sadyojāt Shankarāshram Swamiji. He is currently the 11th ''Mathādhipati'' of the Shri Chitrapur Math.

The Parampara

This chart shows the lineage of Paramparas. It shows the reigning period of each ''Mathādhipati'' along with his place of birth as well as place where his shrine (''samādhi'') is located.

The Saraswat Brahmins

''Saraswat ()'' is the generic term for the Brahmins or learned people who inhabited the fertile basin between the ancient rivers of Saraswati and Drishadawati in Kashmir. But usually Saraswat refers to the Saraswat Brahmins who come under the '' Chitrāpur Matha'' at Shirāli and are hence called Chitrāpur Sāraswat Brahmins (Bhānaps or Smārtha Sāraswats). Due to drought and famine, they migrated southwards towards Goa and Maharashtra. But Portuguese invasion of Goa forced the Sāraswats established neat Gomantak region to migrate further south towards Karnataka and settled down in the Kanara regions of Karnataka. Their superior intelligence and administrative experience helped them attain several important posts in the regions in which they migrated to.

The Bhanap people are a very small community that is scattered in all parts of the globe. The common thread that binds all these people is the ''Guru Parampara'' and the ''Chitrapur Math''

The origin of the Guruparampara

During the reign of the Hindu chiefs of Nagar or Keldi (1560–1768) in the Kanara regions of Karnataka, the Smartha Saraswats held esteemed positions in the government. These were a variety of administrative and accountancy positions. Since they were established in villages of the region, they adopted the names of the villages as their surnames.

Their superior intelligence and high efficiency of work created envy among the local people there. Their jealousy went to such an extent that they wanted to remove the Saraswats from their highly respective posts. For this they went and complained to the King of Nagar that the Saraswats did not have a Guru and hence did not have a spiritual existence of their own.

The King heeded the words of these envious people and issued an official decree whereby "If the Saraswats did not show him their ''Guru'', a heavy penalty would be imposed upon them". It so happened that the Guru of the Shenvis had left for Benaras. The representative of the Saraswat community made this point to the King but he was not satisfied with it.

The Saraswat Brahmins were aghast. All the elders of the community held a ''dharan'' (community prayer) at the Temple of Lord Mahābaleshwar (''Bhavānishankar'') at Gokarna. The intensity of prayer is as quoted:

''The Saraswats gathered together,
And prayed in all humility,
Giving up hunger, thirst and sleep...''

''Such was the intensity''

''The devotees with prayers in their hearts,
Unceasingly for long nights and days,
Surrendered unto Lord Mahabaleshwar,
At Gokarn, that sacred place.''

Lord Bhavānishankar is said to have answered their prayers. In a dream he appears and assures his devotees that a Sanyasi would arrive at the banks of the ''Kotiteerth''the next day and that he would guide the community as their Guru.

As the dream had proclaimed, a ''sanyasi'' clad in saffron robes and carrying the ''vigraha'' (idol) of Lord Bhavānishankara in his cloth pouch arrived at the banks of the ''Kotiteerth ()'', the village tank.

"Sacred ash smeared on the forehead,
The Guru arrived, the Benevolent One,
Clad in flaming saffron robes,
Resplendent like the Sun!
A 'Danda' adorned in one hand,
A 'Kamandalu' in another,
The brilliance of Shankara on his face,
The gentle smile of a mother!
A 'rudraksha mala' adorned his nech,
A 'Jholi' by His side,
Carried the 'Vigraha' of Lord Bhavanishankara,
Our Gurudev had come down to guide."

This great one was Parijñānāshram I, the first Guru, who established in 1708, the glorious ''Guru parampara'' in which the present guru Sadyojāt Shankarāshram is the eleventh in succession

Sāraswats under the Swamis

The Sāraswats have lived a glorious period of over 300 years under the ''Guru Parampara''. Each swamiji has contributed in his own way to the development of the community. The divine powers possessed by the greats and their deeds towards humanity are stuff of legends.

Under Parijñānāshram I (1708–1720)

The Saraswat installed Swami Parijñānāshram I at the ''Sri Vishveshwar Vithal'' Temple and brought him to Nāgar and before the king. But the king refused to accept him as their guru until and unless the '' Shankarāchārya'' of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham gave his consent.

''Parijñānāshram Swamiji'' travelled from Gokarna to Shringeri. At first he was denied entry into the temple by the priests there. In the night "Jagadguru" had a dream where he saw that idol of Sharada Devi had lost its lustre as she was upset as her son was denied entry into the temple. In the morning the ''Jagadguru'' realised this when he saw the idol and immediately called for Parijnanashram Swamiji and gave his consent to the new Swamiji. He was also awestruck by Parinanashram swamiji's piety, yogic abilities and his knowledge. The King wholeheartedly welcome the new ''Mathādhipati'' of the Sāraswats. Thus the Guru parampara was established.

The Swamiji consented to stay on at the ''Sri Vishweshwar Vithal'' Temple on the banks of the Kotiteerth in Gokarna which became the first ''Math'' or monastery (The ''Adi Matha'') of the Sāraswats. He led the community till 1720 when Shankārashram I Swami became the ''Mathādhipati'' (head of the ''matha'': generic name for head of the community). He attained ''Mahāsamādhi''(death) on the ''Krishna Chaturdashi'' day of the month of ''Chaitra'' in 1720. His ''samādhi'' is located at the Adi Matha, Gokarna

Under Shankarāshram I (1720–1757)

Swami Shankarāshram was the ''mathādhipati'' from 1720 until his ''Mahāsamadhi'' in 1757. Under his leadership, the Chitrāpur Math at Shirāli became the head ''math'' (monastery) of the Sāraswats. His divinity has many popular folklores attached to it. Many devotees in grief and sorrow attained happiness due to his divine grace (see Swamiji's Miracles). Swamiji suddenly suffered from an untimely illness and succumbed to it and attained ''Mahāsamādhi'' in 1757. His ''samādhi'' is located at Shirali. He had not adopted a ''shishya'' (disciple) to continue the lineage or ''parampara''.

Under Parijnānāshram II (1757–1770)

With ''Shankarāshram I Swamiji'' attaining ''samādhi'' without ordaining a new successor, the community was again put into a state of peril. The King had again seized the assets of the math with the condition that a new ''mathadhipati'' had to be installed.

The elders of the community gathered together and sought to resolve the impending peril. They went to a saintly person, who practised yoga, from the ''Pandit'' family in Kollur and asked him if he would take up the reins of the ''Mathādhipati''. He graciously accepted and thus was ordained as Parijñānāshram II Swamiji.

Not being the type who liked to wield power, Swamiji accepted a ''shisya'' (disciple) very soon and spent most of his time practising yoga at Kollur. He attained ''Mahāsamādhi'' in 1770 leaving behind his successor ''Shankarāshram II''. His ''samādhi'' is located at Shirali

Under Shankarāshram II (1770–1785)

Swami Shakarāshram II was considered as the ''avatār''(incarnation) of ''Lord Dattātreya''. He was a true ''Jñāni'' (knowledgeable one) and people from all parts of the country flocked to hear his spiritual discourses. Very many miracles have been attributed to him (''see Miracles'').

In 1781, swamiji accepted a ''shishya'' (disciple) and christened him ''Keshavāshram''. In 1785 swamiji attained ''Mahāsamādhi'' and ''Swami Keshavāshram'' became the fifth ''mathādhipati'' of the Sāraswat Brahmins. The ''samādhi'' of Shankarāshram Swamiji is located at the small hamlet of Mallāpur in Karnataka at the Mallāpur Math.

Under Keshavāshram (1785–1823)

Keshavāshram Swamiji took charge of the math in 1785. He was a very learned person and a scholar in the Sanskrit scriptures. Knowing that education was the key to success, Keshavāshram Swamiji encouraged the Sāraswats to have English education during British rule. Thus when the other communities ostracized the English language, the Saraswats got well-educated in English and thus could hold positions of high esteem even under the British.

He is attributed with very many miracles (see Miracles) and the popularity of the ''matha'' got a tremendous boost under his ''Ādhipatya'' (governance). He accepted a ''shishya'' in 1804 and ordained him Vāmanāshram. Thus another sacred link was added to the ''Guru parampara''.

In the year 1823, Keshavāshram Swamiji attained ''Mahā-samadhi''. His ''samādhi'' is located at Shirali

Under Vāmanāshram (1823–1839)

Vāmansāshram Swamiji became the ''mathadhipati'' in 1823. Vāmanāshram Swamiji had the distinction of serving as the ''shishya'' of Keshavāshram Swamiji for 19 years. He was a person who was more involved in spiritual pursuits than in administration. To reduce the burdens of administration, he accepted a ''shishya''. This shishya was ordained as ''Krishnāshram'' in the year 1836.

After accepting a ''shishya'' Vamanāshram Swamiji gave up the administrative responsibilities and took the path of ''Tyāga'' (sacrifice) in 1836. Stories of his divine powers and intensity of prayer are legends among the Sāraswats. Swamiji attained ''Mahā-samādhi'' in 1839. His ''samādhi'' stands at Mangalore within the premises of the Mangalore Math.

Under Krishnāshram (1839–1863)

Param Poojya Krishnāshram Swamiji gained control over the ''matha'' in 1839. He was a dynamic and able administrator. His contributions to architecture and infrastructure still stand today. He ordered the construction of temples and ''mathas'', set right existing ones and gradually got over many people from their Vaishnava practises.

Swamiji accepted a ''shishya'' in 1857 and ordained him as ''Pāndurangāshram''. With the dynamism of youth in Pādurangāshram swami, Swami Krishnāshram could introduce many reforms for the benefit of the community.

Swami Krishnāshram attained ''Maha-samadhi'' in 1863. His ''samadhi''(shrine) is located at Shirali.

Under Pāndurangāshram (1863–1915)

Param Poojya Pāndurangāshram took charge of the ''math'' in 1863. He is the longest serving ''Mathādhipati'' till date (52 years). He is considered one of the most brilliant of all the swamis and his mastery over Sanskrit and Logic was unquestionable. Even after taking charge of the ''matha'', he continued to learn the Vedanta and the Upanishads. He stressed on the need for education in the community. Under his guidance, a school was established and he brought about the development of general infrastructure of Shirāli.

Swamiji stressed Dharma (the right way to live) and encouraged a sense of patriotism in his country. He came under criticism for imposing a ban on foreign travel. Anyone who went abroad or anyone who associated with a person who went abroad were excommunicated. Overall, the period under the leadership of Swami ''Pāndurangāshram'' is called the "Glorious Age" of the Saraswats.

Miracles have been attributed to swamiji. Swamiji was reluctant in adopting a ''shishya'' because of the lack of discipline within the community. Eventually when swamiji was very sick, he relented to the pressure of the people and accepted a ''shishya''. The new ''shishya'', who was just 8 years old, was ordained as ''Ānandāshram''. Thus a sacred link in the ''Guru Parampara'' could be established. Pāndurangāshram Swamiji attained ''Mahā-samādhi'' in 1915. His ''samādhi'' is at Shirāli.

Under Ānandāshram (1915–1966)

Ānandāshram Swamiji had served as ''mathādhipati'' for a glorious period of 51 years. Those were the years when India went through turbulent times of the Independence struggle. Under Ānandāshram Swamiji the Sāraswat community developed at a rapid rate. The financial development was given top priority as the community was facing a financial crisis during the early parts of his reign. He brought about many social reforms like permission to go abroad and taking back the people from the community who had been ostracized for foreign visits. The community underwent tremendous progress economically and morally under his regime.

Swami Anandashram accepted a ''shishya'' in 1959 and ordained him as Parijñānāshram. Swamiji attained ''Mahā-samādhi'' in 1966. His ''samadhi'' is in Shirali.

Under Parijñānāshram III(1966 - 1991)

Parijñānāshram Swamiji took charge of the ''matha'' after the glorious years under Swami Ānandāshram. He was very intelligent, had a progressive outlook and a keen thirst for knowledge — Vedic as well as technical. His dynamic approach to matters regarding the ''matha'' brought back the financial stability it needed. His scientific temper resulted in the establishment of a printing press, Observatory and other technical advancements.

He was responsible for the starting of cottage and small-scale industries like printing press, handlooms and powerlooms, agro-industries in the regions around the ''math''. With the financial stability regained, the '' Rathōtsav'' (Car Festival) was restarted; it had been stopped under Swami Ānandāshram due to acute financial strain.

His far-sighted and monumental development ideas did not go well with the "orthodox" members of the community. This resulted in a rift in the community. It also led to an open display of disrespect toward this Swamiji by certain lobbies. ''Swamiji'' true to his divine grace made the ultimate ''Tyāga'' (sacrifice) by giving up the administration of the ''matha'' in 1981. This was reminiscent of Swami Vāmanāshram who had done the same in 1836. Swami Parijñānāshram III attained ''Mahā-samādhi'' in 1991. His ''samādhi'' is at Karla in Maharashtra.

After the Samadhi of Parampoojya Parijnanashram Swamiji, the Karla Math continues to be managed by the Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin community, under guidance from His successor, H H Sadyojat Shankarashram Swamiji, the 11th Guru in the Chitrapur Saraswat Guruparampara and spiritual head of the institutions running the Karla Math.

Under Sadyojāt Shankarāshram (1997–present)

After a 6-year search for a guru, (1991–1997) the Sāraswat community was blessed with a Mathādhipati and Guru - H H Param Poojya Sadyojāt Shankarāshram Swamiji. In Him the community found an erudite Vedic Scholar, an exponent of the advaitic Philosophy of Adi Shankaracharya, teacher, reformist leader. and much more. Ordained into Sanyas by HH Swami Ishwarānanda Giriji Maharaj as Sadyojāt Samvat Giri 960]., He took up the reins of Shri Chitrapur Math in February 1997 as Sadyojat Shankarashram Swami at a well-attended, elaborate Ceremony graced and blessed by H H Shankaracharya of Shringeri Shardamba Peetham.

Under Swami Sadyojāt Shankarāshram's guidance, the Shrivali Trust was established which has provided high quality medical care and drinking water to the people. Free value-based education is provided at the Shrivali School . Temples have been reconstructed from the state of ruin and general infrastructure developed. The Shri Chitrapur Math Charitable Trust today works for the empowerment of the villagers providing livelihood to the underprivileged. Swamiji has stressed the development of the youth as a force and has resulted in the conducting of very many ''Shibhirs'' (youth camps) for the physical, mental and spiritual development of the youth in the community.

Community

The "Guru Parampara" of the Sāraswat Brahmins is something that they cherish and will always remain as the vital link that connects this small community of people, living in different parts of the globe, together.

Further reading

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References

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Hindu denominations