Chenopodium album

''Chenopodium album'' is a fast-growing weedy annual plant in the genus ''Chenopodium''. Though cultivated in some regions, the plant is elsewhere considered a weed. Common names include lamb's quarters, melde, goosefoot, wild spinach and fat-hen, though the latter two are also applied to other species of the genus ''Chenopodium'', for which reason it is often distinguished as white goosefoot.BSBI
Database of names (xls file)
''Chenopodium album'' is extensively cultivated and consumed in Northern India, Nepal, and Pakistan as a food crop known as ''bathua''.

Distribution

Its native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation, but includes most of Europe,Flora Europaea
''Chenopodium album''
/ref> from where Linnaeus described the species in 1753.Linnaeus, C. (1753). ''Species Plantarum'' 1: 219
Facsimile
Plants native in eastern Asia are included under ''C. album'', but often differ from European specimens.Flora of China
''Chenopodium album''
/ref> It is widely naturalised elsewhere, e.g. Africa,African Flowering Plants Database
''Chenopodium album''
Australasia,Australian Plant Name Index
''Chenopodium album''
/ref> North America,Flora of North America
''Chenopodium album''
/ref> and Oceania,Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
''Chenopodium album''
/ref> and now occurs almost everywhere (except Antarctica) in soils rich in nitrogen, especially on wasteland.

Description

It tends to grow upright at first, reaching heights of 10–150 cm (rarely to 3 m), but typically becomes recumbent after flowering (due to the weight of the foliage and seeds) unless supported by other plants. The leaves are alternate and varied in appearance. The first leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and roughly diamond-shaped, 3–7 cm long and 3–6 cm broad. The leaves on the upper part of the flowering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid, 1–5 cm long and 0.4–2 cm broad; they are waxy-coated, unwettable and mealy in appearance, with a whitish coat on the underside. The small flowers are radially symmetrical and grow in small cymes on a dense branched inflorescence 10–40 cm long. Further, the flowers are bisexual and female, with five tepals which are mealy on outer surface, and shortly united at the base. There are five stamens.

Taxonomy

''Chenopodium album'' has a very complex taxonomy and has been divided in numerous microspecies, subspecies and varieties, but it is difficult to differentiate between them. The following infraspecific taxa are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':
* ''Chenopodium album'' subsp. ''album''
* ''Chenopodium album'' subsp. ''striatum'' (Krašan) Murr
* ''Chenopodium album'' var. ''reticulatum'' (Aellen) Uotila

Published names and synonyms include ''C. album'' var. ''microphyllum'', ''C. album'' var. ''stevensii'', ''C. acerifolium, C. centrorubrum, C. giganteum, C. jenissejense, C. lanceolatum, C. pedunculare'' and ''C. probstii''.

It also hybridises readily with several other ''Chenopodium'' species, including '' C. berlandieri, C. ficifolium, C. opulifolium, C. strictum'' and ''C. suecicum''.

Cultivation

Regions

The species are cultivated as a grain or vegetable crop (such as in lieu of spinach), as well as animal feed in Asia and Africa, whereas in Europe and North America, it is commonly regarded as a weed in places such as potato fields,Grubben, G. J. H., & Denton, O. A. (2004). ''Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables''. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen. while in Australia it is naturalised in all states and regarded as an environmental weed in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and the Northern Territory.

Potential impact on conventional crops

It is one of the more robust and competitive weeds, capable of producing crop losses of up to 13% in corn, 25% in soybeans, and 48% in sugar beets at an average plant distribution. It may be controlled by dark tillage, rotary hoeing, or flaming when the plants are small. Crop rotation of small grains will suppress an infestation. It is easily controlled with a number of pre-emergence herbicides. Its pollen may contribute to hay fever-like allergies.

Pest control

''Chenopodium album'' is vulnerable to leaf miners, making it a useful trap crop as a companion plant. Growing near other plants, it attracts leaf miners which might otherwise have attacked the crop to be protected. It is a host plant for the beet leafhopper, an insect which transmits curly top virus to beet crops.

Uses and consumption

Nutrition

Raw lamb's quarters are 84% water, 7% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, lamb's quarters provide 43 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein, vitamin C (96% DV), vitamin A (73% DV), riboflavin (37% DV), vitamin B6 (21% DV), manganese (37% DV), and calcium (31% DV), with several other dietary minerals in lesser amounts (table).

Culinary use

The leaves and young shoots may be eaten raw or cooked as a leaf vegetable, but should be eaten in moderation due to high levels of oxalic acid. The flower buds and flowers can also be eaten cooked. Each plant produces tens of thousands of black seeds. Quinoa, a closely related species, is grown specifically for its seeds.PROTAbase
''Chenopodium album''
The Zuni people cook the young plants' greens.

Archaeologists analysing carbonized plant remains found in storage pits and ovens at Iron Age, Viking Age, and Roman sites in Europe have found its seeds mixed with conventional grains and even inside the stomachs of Danish bog bodies.

In India, the plant is called ''bathua'' and found abundantly in the winter season. The leaves and young shoots of this plant are used in dishes such as soups, curries, and paratha-stuffed breads, common in North India. The seeds or grains are used in '' phambra'' or '' laafi'', gruel-type dishes in Himachal Pradesh, and in mildly alcoholic fermented beverages such as'' soora'' and '' ghanti''. In Haryana state, the ''"bathue ka raita"'' i.e. the raita (yogurt dip) made with bathua, is very popular in winters. Bathua seeds also double up for rice and dal. Napoleon Bonaparte is said to have once relied on bathua seeds to feed his troops during lean times.

In Nepal, it is known as ''bethe'' or ''bethu''. It is used to make dish known as ''saag''. The leaves are stir fried with spices, chilly and diced garlic. A fermented dish known as '' masaura'' is also made by dipping the leaves in a lentil batter with spices and then dried in sun for some days. The fermented ''masaura'' can be made into a curry and served with rice. It is also used to make an instant salad-style-achaar and chutneys.

Animal feed

As some of the common names suggest, it is also used as feed (both the leaves and the seeds) for chickens and other poultry.

Construction

The juice of this plant is a potent ingredient for a mixture of wall plaster, according to the Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, which is a Sanskrit treatise dealing with Śilpaśāstra (Hindu science of art and construction).

Ayurveda

In Ayurveda traditional medicine, bathua is thought to be useful for treating various diseases,L. D. Kapoor, 1989
CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants
CRC Press, Boston, pp. 113. although there is no clinical evidence such uses are safe or effective.

Gallery

File:Melganzenvoet bloemen Chenopodium album.jpg, Close-up of flower and flower bud
File:6H-Lambs-quarter.jpg, Young ''Chenopodium album''
File:Lamb's Quarter.jpeg, Domestic Lamb's Quarter - Cecil County, MD - November 2015

References

Footnotes

Citations

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q158610

album
Flora of Europe
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of tropical Asia
Flora of North Africa
Edible nuts and seeds
Leaf vegetables
Plants described in 1753
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Plants used in traditional African medicine
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus