Charles Thomas Bolton (April 15, 1943 – ) was an American-Canadian astronomer who was one of the first in his field to present strong evidence of the existence of a
stellar-mass black hole
A stellar black hole (or stellar-mass black hole) is a black hole formed by the gravitational collapse of a star. They have masses ranging from about 5 to several tens of solar masses. The process is observed as a hypernova explosion or as a g ...
.
Biography
Bolton was born in
Camp Forrest
Camp Forrest, located in a wooded area east of the city of Tullahoma, Tennessee, was one of the U.S. Army's largest training bases during World War II. It was an active army post between 1941 and 1946.
History
The camp, named after Civil War cav ...
, a military base in
Tullahoma, Tennessee
Tullahoma is a city in Coffee and Franklin counties in southern Middle Tennessee, United States. The population was 20,339 at the 2020 census. In 2019, the population was estimated to be 19,555. It is the principal city of the Tullahoma micropo ...
.
He received his bachelor's degree in 1966 from the
University of Illinois
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Univer ...
, followed by a 1968 master's degree and a 1970 doctoral degrees from the
University of Michigan
, mottoeng = "Arts, Knowledge, Truth"
, former_names = Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821)
, budget = $10.3 billion (2021)
, endowment = $17 billion (2021)As o ...
.
Bolton then worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the
David Dunlap Observatory
The David Dunlap Observatory (DDO) is an astronomical observatory site in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1935, it was owned and operated by the University of Toronto until 2008. It was then acquired by the city of Richmond Hill, ...
in
Richmond Hill, Ontario, teaching there until 1972.
He taught at
Scarborough College
Scarborough College is an independent coeducational day and boarding school aged 3–18 years in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. It was founded in 1898 and opened in 1901. The school has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World ...
from 1971 to 1972, and at
Erindale College from 1972 to 1973. Thereafter, he was affiliated with the
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public university, public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park (Toronto), Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 ...
astronomy department,
eventually becoming an emeritus professor.
In 1970, Bolton developed the first computer models for
stellar spectra
Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, infrared and radio waves that radiate from stars and othe ...
that were precise enough to compare with data from real stars.
In 1971, as a post-doctoral fellow and part-time faculty member studying binary systems at the Dunlap Observatory,
Bolton observed star
HDE 226868 wobble as if it were orbiting around an invisible but massive companion emitting powerful X-rays,
independently of the work by
Louise Webster and
Paul Murdin, at the
Royal Greenwich Observatory. Further analysis gave an estimate about the amount of mass needed for the gravitational pull, which proved to be too much for a
neutron star
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-rich. Except for black holes and some hypothetical objects (e.g. w ...
. After more observations confirmed the results, by 1973, the astronomical community generally recognized
black hole Cygnus X-1
Cygnus X-1 (abbreviated Cyg X-1) is a galactic X-ray source in the constellation Cygnus and was the first such source widely accepted to be a black hole. It was discovered in 1964 during a rocket flight and is one of the ...
, lying in the plane of the
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. ...
galaxy at a galactic latitude of about 3 degrees.
In 1985, Bolton and Douglas Gies showed that hot, massive
"runaway OB stars" (stars that travel at an abnormally high
velocity
Velocity is the directional speed of an object in motion as an indication of its rate of change in position as observed from a particular frame of reference and as measured by a particular standard of time (e.g. northbound). Velocity i ...
relative to the surrounding
interstellar medium), could be accelerated through stellar interactions within star clusters, in addition to being ejected from binary systems after
supernova explosions.
Bolton was instrumental in passing the first light-pollution regulation Canada, a 1995 bylaw to limit
light pollution
Light pollution is the presence of unwanted, inappropriate, or excessive use of artificial Visible spectrum, lighting. In a descriptive sense, the term ''light pollution'' refers to the effects of any poorly implemented lighting, during the day ...
in the town Richmond Hill, home of the David Dunlap Observatory.
He was a fellow of the
Royal Society of Canada.
[ Bolton died in February 2021, at his home in Richmond Hill.]
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bolton, Tom
1943 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century Canadian astronomers
Academic staff of the University of Toronto Mississauga
Academic staff of the University of Toronto Scarborough
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
University of Illinois alumni
University of Michigan alumni
People from Tullahoma, Tennessee
People from Richmond Hill, Ontario