Childhood
Charles was the second son ofPolicies
Under the reign of Charles, the consequences of the"''Dieses System verbesserte die Finanzen, aber nicht den Wohlstand des Landes,
und brachte den glänzenden Hof selbst in ausländische Familienverbindungen.''"
and brought to the brilliant court itself foreign familial connections. ">This system improved the finances but not the prosperity of the country,
and brought to the brilliant court itself foreign familial connections. /blockquote> Charles left in 1685 to his younger brother Philipp as the latter's '' Paragium'' a small part of the Landgraviate of Hesse, the so-called Landgraviate of Hesse–Philippsthal, named afterPhilippsthal Philippsthal (Werra) is a market community in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in eastern Hesse, Germany, right at the boundary with Thuringia. Geography Location Philippsthal lies between the outliers of the Rhön and the Thuringian Forest (ranges) ..."Philipp's Valley" (formerly Kreuzberg, a place near Vacha on theWerra The Werra (), a river in central Germany, is the right-bank headwater of the Weser. "Weser" is a synonym in an old dialect of German. The Werra has its source near Eisfeld in southern Thuringia. After the Werra joins the river Fulda in the t ...River).
Economy
Even before theEdict of Fontainebleau The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted Huguenots the right to practice their religion without s ...(October 1685), Charles adopted on 18 April 1685 the
Freiheits-Concession
' "Freedom Concession" Klaus Kühnel, "
Ein Beitrag für den freien Glauben
' : ''Vor 325 Jahren wurde die "Freiheits-Concession" für französische Glaubensflüchtlinge erlassen'' A Contribution to the Freedom of Religion : 325 years ago, the "Freedom Concession" for French Religious Refugees was Adopted , ''Deutschlandfunk'', retrieved 30 December 2013. promising the exiles fromFrance France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ..., theHuguenots The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss politica ...andWaldensians The Waldensians (also known as Waldenses (), Vallenses, Valdesi or Vaudois) are adherents of a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation. Originally known as the "Poor Men of Lyon" in ..., free settlement and their own churches and schools. In the following years, about 4000 the Protestants fled persecution in their homelands for Northern Hesse and, for example, about 1700 of them settled in Oberneustadt, the newly created borough ofKassel Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020 .... Following the ideas ofmercantilism Mercantilism is an economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. It promotes imperialism, colonialism, tariffs and subsidies on traded goods to achieve that goal. The policy aims to reduce a ..., Charles founded in 1679 the Messinghof, one of the first metal-processing plants in Hesse, in Bettenhausen, east of Kassel. In 1699 Charles founded Sieburg (since 1717 Karlshafen) and also moved some of the Huguenots and Waldensians there. With the construction of the Landgrave-Carl-Canal from theDiemel The Diemel is a river in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Weser. Route The source of the Diemel is near Willingen, in Sauerland. The Diemel flows generally northeast through the towns Marsberg, Warburg, an ...River to Kassel (and beyond), he tried to circumvent the existing customs borders but, after only a fewkilometer The kilometre ( SI symbol: km; or ), spelt kilometer in American English, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one thousand metres (kilo- being the SI prefix for ). It is now the measurement unit used for ex ...s, the construction was discontinued.
Culture
Landgrave Charles continued the design of the hillside park, Wilhelmshöhe ("William's Peak") in theHabichtswald ''For the town in Germany, see Habichtswald, Hesse.'' The Habichtswald is a small mountain range, covering some 35 km2 and rising to a height of 615 m, immediately west of the city of Kassel in northern Hesse Hesse (, , ) or Hessia (, ; g ...("Hawk Forest"), now a nature preserve west of Kassel. In particular, it was the construction of the Hercules monument that brought the Italian-inspired cascades and other water features to the park. Under his rule, the ''Moritzaue'' ("Maurice's Meadow") park near the town was extended over a large area to another park, the ''Karlsaue The Karlsaue Park is a public and inner-city park of in Kassel (Northern Hesse, Germany). It was redesigned as a landscape garden in 1785 and consists of a mixture of visible Baroque garden elements and arranged “natural areas”. Location ...'' ("Charles's Meadow"), which still exists today, and the ''Schloss'' ''Orangerie An orangery or orangerie was a room or a dedicated building on the grounds of fashionable residences of Northern Europe from the 17th to the 19th centuries where orange and other fruit trees were protected during the winter, as a very large ...'' was built. With the participation of the Landgrave, who was interested in history, the first archaeological excavations began in 1709 on the Mader Heide.
Family
Charles married his first cousin,Maria Amalia of Courland Princess Maria Anna Amalia of Courland (12 June 1653 – 16 June 1711) was Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel through her marriage to Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. She was the child of Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia and Mar ...(1653–1711), the daughter ofJacob Kettler Jacob Kettler (german: link=no, Jakob von Kettler) (Latvian: Hercogs Jēkabs Ketlers) (28 October 1610 – 1 January 1682) was one of the greatest Baltic German Dukes of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1642–1682). He was intelligent, sp ...,Duke of Courland The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( la, Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ; german: Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen; lv, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste; lt, Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė; pl, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii) was ..., and had with her 24 children, fourteen of which lived long enough to have names: * William (29 March 1674 – 25 July 1676) * Charles (24 February 1675 – 7 December 1677) *Friedrich Friedrich may refer to: Names * Friedrich (surname), people with the surname ''Friedrich'' * Friedrich (given name), people with the given name ''Friedrich'' Other * Friedrich (board game), a board game about Frederick the Great and the Seven Year ...(28 April 1676 – 5 April 1751), ''who succeeded his father as'' Frederick, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, ''and became, in 1720,'' theKing of Sweden The monarchy of Sweden is the monarchical head of state of Sweden,See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5. which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.Parliamentary system: see the Instrument o ...:∞ 1 1700 Princess Louisa Dorothea of Brandenburg (1680–1705) :∞ 2 1715Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden Ulrika Eleonora or Ulrica Eleanor (23 January 1688 – 24 November 1741), known as Ulrika Eleonora the Younger, was Queen of Sweden, reigning in her own right from 5 December 1718 until her abdication on 29 February 1720 in favour of her husband ...(1688–1741) * Christian (2 July 1677 – 18 September 1677) * Sophie Charlotte (16 July 1678 – 30 May 1749) :∞ 1704 Frederick William, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1675–1713) * ''Son'' (12 June 1679) * Charles (12 June 1680 – 13 November 1702) * ''Daughter'' (12 April 1681) *William William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of Engl ...(10 March 1682 – 1 February 1760), ''who succeeded his brother Frederick as'' William VIII, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel :∞ 1717 Dorothea Wilhelmina of Saxe-Zeitz (1691–1743) * ''Daughter'' (12 June 1683) * Leopold (30 December 1684 – 10 September 1704) * ''Son'' (12 November 1685) * Louis (5 September 1686 – 23 May 1706) *Marie Louise Marie Louise or Marie-Louise may refer to: People *Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689), daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, queen consort of Charles II of Spain *Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1688–1765), daughter of Charles I, Landgrave ...(7 February 1688 – 9 April 1765) :∞ 1709Johan Willem Friso, Prince of Orange John William Friso ( nl, Johan Willem Friso; 14 August 1687 – 14 July 1711) became the (titular) Prince of Orange in 1702. He was the Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen in the Dutch Republic until his death by accidental drowning in the H ...(1687–1711) *Maximilian Maximilian, Maximillian or Maximiliaan (Maximilien in French) is a male given name. The name " Max" is considered a shortening of "Maximilian" as well as of several other names. List of people Monarchs *Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 ...(28 May 1689 – 8 May 1753) :∞ 1720Friederike Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt Friederike Charlotte of Hessen-Darmstadt (8 September 1698 Darmstadt – 22 March 1777, Darmstadt) was a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt and through her marriage a princess of Hesse-Kassel. Life She was a daughter of Ernest Louis, Landgrave of H ...(1698–1777) * ''Daughter'' (5 July 1690) * George Charles (8 January 1691 – 5 March 1755) * ''Son'' (1692) * Eleonore Antoine (11 January 1694 – 17 December 1694) * Wilhelmine Charlotte (8 July 1695 – 27 November 1722) * ''Son'' (1696) * ''Daughter'' (1697) * ''Son'' (1699) * ''Daughter'' (1701)
Other Relationships
After the death of his wife in 1713, Charles had a relationship with Jeanne Marguerite de Frere, Marquise de Langallerie, with whom he had a son, Charles Frederic Philippe de Gentil, Marquis de Langallerie, who died early. Charles secured in the same way the financial security of children who had come with hismistress Mistress is the feminine form of the English word "master" (''master'' + ''-ess'') and may refer to: Romance and relationships * Mistress (lover), a term for a woman who is in a sexual and romantic relationship with a man who is married to a .... After the Marquise de Langallerie, the next mistress and confidante wasBarbara Christine von Bernhold Barbara Christine von Bernhold (1690 - 1756), was a German noblewoman and court lady. She was the official royal mistress of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1711-1730, and the political adviser, first lady and head of the court of William ...(1690–1756), who rose to '' Großhofmeisterin'' ("Senior Mistress of the Court") under Charles's son William VIII and was raised to the rank of ''Reichsgräfin'' ("Imperial Count Imperial Count (german: Reichsgraf) was a title in the Holy Roman Empire. In the medieval era, it was used exclusively to designate the holder of an imperial county, that is, a fief held directly ( immediately) from the emperor, rather than from ...ess") in 1742 by theHoly Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...Charles VII. She was housed in the Bellevue Palace.
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
* heodorIlgen,
Karl
, "''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB, german: Universal German Biography) is one of the most important and comprehensive biographical reference works in the German language. It was published by the Historical Commission of the Bavarian Aca ...'' ''General German Biography'' (ADB), ''Band 15'' ''Volume 15'' (Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...: Duncker & Humblot, 1882), pages 292–296 * Hans Philippi, ''Landgraf Karl von Hessen-Kassel. Ein deutscher Fürst der Barockzeit'' ''Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel: A German Prince of the Baroque Times'' (''Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, Number 34'' ''Publications of the Historical Commission of Hesse, Number 34'' (Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approximate ...: Elwert, 1976), * Hans Philippi,
Karl
, '' Neue Deutsche Biographie'' ''New German Biography'' (NDB), ''Band 11'' ''Volume 11'' (Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...: Duncker & Humblot, 1977), , pages 227-229
digitized
* Pauline Puppel, ''Die Regentin. Vormundschaftliche Herrschaft in Hessen 1500–1700'' ''The Lady Regents: Reigning Guardianship in Hesse 1500-1700'' (Frankfurt Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...am Main: Campus, 2004), , pages 236–277 , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 01, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 1654 births 1730 deaths German Calvinist and Reformed Christians Landgraves of Hesse 17th-century German people 18th-century German people