''Charaxes bernardus'', the tawny rajah, is a butterfly that belongs to the rajahs and nawabs group, that is, the

Charaxinae __NOTOC__ The Charaxinae, the leafwings, are a nymphalid subfamily of butterflies that includes about 400 species, inhabiting mainly the tropics, although some species extend into temperate regions in North America, Europe, China, and southern A ...

group of the

brush-footed butterflies The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a redu ...

family. This species can be found in India, China, Indomalaya, and onwards to Indonesia.''Charaxes bernardus''
at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''

Description

''Charaxes bernardus'' has a

wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingspan of ...

of about . The upperside of wings is reddish brown or pale brown-orange, with dark brown/black speckles at the wings tips and small black marks at the margin of the hindwings. On the underside of the wings there are irregular wavy or tawny brown speckles and whitish zigzag bands. Males and females are very similar in appearance.Gallery of Bengkulu
/ref>

Habits

It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to

mud-puddle Mud-puddling, or simply puddling, is a behaviour most conspicuous in butterflies, but occurs in other animals as well, mainly insects; they seek out nutrients in certain moist substances such as rotting plant matter, mud and carrion and they suc ...

Food plants

Known food plants of this species include: ''

Aglaia lawii ''Aglaia lawii'' is a species of tree in the family Meliaceae. As well as the Subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms, autonym species, there are two subspecies accepted. Taxonomy There are 2 subspecies accepted as well as ...

'', ''

Aglaia roxburghiana ''Aglaia roxburghiana'' is a species of ''Aglaia''. It is native to South Asia and Australia. References roxburghiana Flora of tropical Asia Flora of Australia {{Meliaceae-stub ...

'' (

Meliaceae Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales. They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarp ...

), ''

Cinnamomum camphora ''Camphora officinarum'' is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel. Description ''Camphora officinarum'' is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern ...

'', '' Litsea glutinosa'', '' Litsea populifolia'' (

Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur ma ...

), ''

Sapium sebiferum ''Triadica sebifera'' is a tree native to eastern China. It is commonly called Chinese tallow, Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree, or candleberry tree. The seeds (as well as from those of '' Triadica cochinchine ...

'' (

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as ''Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, e ...

), ''

Adenanthera pavonina ''Adenanthera pavonina'' is a perennial and non-climbing species of leguminous tree. Its uses include food and drink, traditional medicine, and timber. Common names and synonyms ''Adenanthera pavonina'' is commonly called Red Lucky Seed. Ot ...

'', ''Paraserianthes falcataria'' (= ''

Falcataria moluccana ''Falcataria falcata'' (syns. ''Albizia falcata'', ''Falcataria moluccana'' and ''Paraserianthes falcataria''), commonly known as the Moluccan albizia, is a species of fast-growing tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Maluku Islands, ...

''), ''

Tamarindus indica Tamarind (''Tamarindus indica'') is a leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that is probably indigenous to tropical Africa. The genus ''Tamarindus'' is monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species. It belongs to the family Fabaceae. ...

'' (

Leguminosae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...

), and '' Acronychia penduculata'' (

Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Derm ...

).nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database
/ref>

Subspecies

*''Charaxes bernardus bernardus'' – present in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

and

Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...

*''Charaxes bernardus acolus'' Fruhstorfer – eastern

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

*''Charaxes bernardus agna'' Moore, 1878 – in

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

and

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

*''Charaxes bernardus ajax'' Fawcett, 1897 – western

*''Charaxes bernardus bajula'' Staudinger, 1889 –

Palawan Palawan (), officially the Province of Palawan ( cyo, Probinsya i'ang Palawan; tl, Lalawigan ng Palawan), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in ...

*''Charaxes bernardus baliensis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1922 –

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

*''Charaxes bernardus basilisae'' Schröder & Treadaway, 1982 –

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

*''Charaxes bernardus baya'' (Moore, 1857) –

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...

and

*''Charaxes bernardus crepax'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 –

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

and

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

*''Charaxes bernardus cybistia'' Fruhstorfer *''Charaxes bernardus enganicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1904 *''Charaxes bernardus hainanus'' Gu, 1994 –

Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...

*''Charaxes bernardus hemana'' Butler, 1870 –

Nepal Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne, सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mai ...

*''Charaxes bernardus hierax'' C. & R. Felder, 867–

Assam Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...

and southern

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in Southwest China, the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is ...

. *''Charaxes bernardus hindia'' Butler, 1872 *''Charaxes bernardus kangeanensis'' Hanafusa, 1990Hanafusa, 1990: Ten new subspecies of Indonesian butterflies (Lep. Papilionidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae). ''Futao'' 4: 12-15. *''Charaxes bernardus mahawedi'' Fruhstorfer – northern

Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asia. It lies east of the Indian subcontinent and south of Mainland China and is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the west an ...

*''Charaxes bernardus mirabilis'' Hanafusa, 1989 *''Charaxes bernardus mitschkei'' Lathy, 1913 –

Nias Nias ( id, Pulau Nias, Nias language: ''Tanö Niha'') (sometimes called Little Sumatra in English) is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, ...

*''Charaxes bernardus phlegontis'' Fruhstorfer *''Charaxes bernardus repetitus'' Butler, 1896 –

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

*''Charaxes bernardus siporanus'' Hanafusa, 1992Hanafusa, H. 1992: Three new Nymphalid butterflies from Indonesia. ''Futao'' 9: 1-3. *''Charaxes bernardus siporaensis'' ( Hanafusa, 1992) *''Charaxes bernardus varenius'' Fruhstorfer File:Charaxespolyxena.jpg, ''C. b. phlegontis'' File:Open wing position of Charaxes bernardus Fabricius, 1793 – Tawny Rajah (2).jpg, ''C. b. hierax'' (upperside) File:Nymphalidae - Charaxes bernardus hierax.JPG, ''C. b. hierax'' (underside) File:Charaxes bernardus mahawedi.jpg, ''C. b. mahawedi'' File:Tawny Rajah Malaysia.jpg, Gua Tempurung, Malaysia

Notes

References

* * * * * *

External links

''Charaxes bernardus'' images
at

Consortium for the Barcode of Life The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of ...

''Charaxes bernardus crepax'' images
at BOLD {{Taxonbar, from=Q2715965 Butterflies of Asia Butterflies of Indochina Bernardus Endemic fauna of India Butterflies described in 1793

Description

Habits

Food plants

Subspecies

See also

Notes

References

External links