The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ
ɕàmpàːsák or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a
Lao kingdom
Kingdom commonly refers to:
* A monarchy ruled by a king or queen
* Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy
Kingdom may also refer to:
Arts and media Television
* ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...
under
Nokasad Nokasad (full name Somdetch Brhat Chao Jaya Sri Samudra Buddhangkura; alternate names Soi Si Samout Phouthong Koun; King of Champa Nagapurisiri or Nakhon Champa Nakhaburisi) (reckoned posthumously to have been born in 1693 as Prince ( Chao) Nakasatr ...
, a grandson of King
Sourigna Vongsa
Souligna Vongsa (ສຸຣິຍະວົງສາທັມມິກຣາດ ) was the king of Lan Xang whose reign is considered the golden age of Laos. He ascended to the throne in 1637.
King of Lan Xang
In 1637, Sourigna Vongsa ascended th ...
, the last king of
Lan Xang
existed as a unified kingdom from 1353 to 1707.
For three and a half centuries, Lan Xang was one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The meaning of the kingdom's name alludes to the power of the kingship and formidable war machine of the ea ...
and son-in-law of the
Cambodian King Chey Chettha IV
Chey Chettha IV (1656–1725), born Ang Sor, was a Cambodian king for several periods in Cambodia's history (r. 1675–1695, 1696–1700, 1701–1702, 1705–1706).
Life
He was the second son of Barom Reachea V and also a youn ...
. Bassac and the neighboring principalities of
Attapeu
Attapeu ( lo, ອັດຕະປື), also written as Attopu or Attapu, is the capital of Attapeu province, Laos. Its official name is Muang Samakhi Xay. It is the southernmost of provincial capitals in Laos.
Most of the inhabitants are Lao Loum ...
and
Stung Treng
Stung Treng City ( km, ទីក្រុងស្ទឹងត្រែង) ( lo, ຊຽງແຕງ ) is the capital of Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. It is the major city (and capital) of both the district and province.
Geography
Stung Tren ...
emerged as power centers under what was later to be described as the
Mandala Southeast Asian political model.
History
The kingdom was sited on the eastern or Left Bank of the
Mekong
The Mekong or Mekong River is a trans-boundary river in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the world's List of rivers by length, twelfth longest river and List of longest rivers of Asia, the third longest in Asia. Its estimated length is , ...
, south of the Right Bank principality of
Khong Chiam where the
Mun River
The Mun River ( th, แม่น้ำมูล, , ), sometimes spelled ''Moon River'', is a tributary of the Mekong River. It carries approximately of water per year.
Geography
The river begins in the Khao Yai National Park area of the Sankam ...
joins; and east of where the Mekong makes a sharp bend to the west to return abruptly and flow southeasterly down to what is now
Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
.
Due to scarcity of information from the periods known as the
Post-Angkor Period
The post-Angkor period of Cambodia ( km, ប្រទេសកម្ពុជាក្រោយសម័យអង្គរ), also called the Middle Period and Dark Age ( km, យុគ្គអន្ធកាល, lit=Isolationism, link=yes; ( km ...
, the
Khorat Plateau
The Khorat Plateau ( th, ที่ราบสูงโคราช) is a plateau in the northeastern Thai region of Isan. The plateau forms a natural region, named after the short form of Nakhon Ratchasima, a historical barrier controlling access ...
seems to have been largely depopulated, and Left Bank principalities began to repopulate the Right. In 1718, a Lao emigration in the company of an official in the service of King Nokasad founded
Muang
Mueang ( th, เมือง ''mɯ̄ang'', ), Muang ( lo, ເມືອງ ''mɯ́ang'', ; Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ''muang''), Mong ( shn, ''mə́ŋ'', ), Meng () or Mường (Vietnamese), were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principali ...
Suwannaphum
( sa, सुवर्णभूमि; Pali: '); my, သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ, ; km, សុវណ្ណភូមិ, ''Sovannaphoum''; and th, สุวรรณภูมิ, . is a toponym, that appears in many ancient Indian literary s ...
as the first recorded population of Lao in the
Chi River
The Chi River (, , ) is the longest river flowing wholly within Thailand. It is long but carries less water than the second longest river, the Mun. The name of the river is "Mae Si" () in the Isan and Lao languages of the region, being translite ...
valley—indeed anywhere in the interior of the plateau.
Around 1766, Vorarad-Vongsa, a dignitary in the Kingdom of Vientiane, started a rebellion. His plan failed, but he submitted to the King of Champasak, which led to the conflict between Champasak and Vientiane.
In 1777, King Taksin of Siam sent an invading army to the Kingdom of Vientiane. The Thai army also attacked Champasak, and the kingdom was occupied without major resistance. King Pothi (Sayakumane) was taken prisoner to Krung Thep (Bangkok). In 1780, King Sayakumane was allowed to return to Champasak as vassal of the Siamese king.
At the beginning of the 19th century, and ignoring the worldwide agricultural disaster accompanying the 1816
Year Without a Summer
The year 1816 is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by . Summer temperatures in Europe were the extreme weather, coldest on record between the years of 1 ...
, Bassac was said to be on a prosperous trade route as the outlet for cardamon, rubber, wax, resin, skins, horns, and slaves from the east bank to Ubon, Khorat, and Bangkok.
The region then fell victim to Siamese and French struggles to extend
suzerainty
Suzerainty () is the rights and obligations of a person, state or other polity who controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state, while allowing the tributary state to have internal autonomy. While the subordinate party is cal ...
.
After the
Laotian Rebellion __NOTOC__
Lao may refer to:
Laos
* Something of, from, or related to Laos, a country in Southeast Asia
* Lao people (people from Laos, or of Lao descent)
* The Lao language
* Lao script, the writing system used to write the Lao language
** Lao ...
of 1826–1829, Suwannaphum lost its status and Champasak was reduced to
vassalage
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain. W ...
. The
Siamese-Cambodian War of 1831–1834 reduced the entire region to vassalage of the
Nguyen Dynasty
Nguyễn () is the most common Vietnamese surname. Outside of Vietnam, the surname is commonly rendered without diacritics as Nguyen. Nguyên (元)is a different word and surname.
By some estimates 39 percent of Vietnamese people bear this su ...
, a situation soon further complicated by the French striving in the same region to establish what was to become
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
.
Following the
Franco-Siamese War
The Franco-Siamese War of 1893, known in Thailand as Incident of Thai solar calendar#Rattanakosin Era, R.S. 112 ( th, วิกฤตการณ์ ร.ศ. 112, , ) was a conflict between the French Third Republic and the Rattanakosin Kingdom, ...
of 1893, the Left Bank fell under French rule as an administrative block, with its royalty stripped of many privileges;
French colonial administration of Lao kingdoms impoverished the region. The 1893 treaty called for a twenty-five-kilometer-wide demilitarized zone along the Right Bank, which made Siamese control impossible. It soon became a haven for lawless characters from both banks of the river. Lack of clear chains of authority resulted in turmoil in the whole region, and in what was known to the Siamese side as the "
Holy Man's Rebellion
The Holy Man's Rebellion ( th, กบฏผู้มีบุญ), took place between March 1901 and January 1936. It started when supporters of the Phu Mi Bun religious movement initiated an armed rebellion against French Indochina and Siam, aim ...
".
Ong Keo
Ong Keo () led Austroasiatic-speaking minorities (formerly called Mon-Khmer) in what in Thailand was called the Holy Man's Rebellion, where it was a widespread but short-lived cause. Against French and Lao forces, however, Ong Keo continued t ...
and
Ong Kommandam Ong Kommandam (also Ong Kommadam) was the confidant and successor of Ong Keo as the leader of the Mon-Khmer tribes of southern Laos in their struggle for independence from French and Lao rule. Ong Keo was assassinated in 1910 by the Commissioner of ...
of the
Bolaven Plateau
The Bolaven Plateau is an elevated region in southern Laos. Most of the plateau is located within Champasak Province of Laos, though the edges of the plateau are also located in Salavan, Sekong and Attapeu Provinces. It is located between ...
Alak people
The Alak or Hrlak are an Austroasiatic ethnic group of southern Laos, living mainly in Salavan Province. They speak the Alak language. Little is known of their history, though as an Austroasiatic-speaking group, their origin is presumably in th ...
, led the initial resistance against French control, which evolved into the
Holy Man's Rebellion
The Holy Man's Rebellion ( th, กบฏผู้มีบุญ), took place between March 1901 and January 1936. It started when supporters of the Phu Mi Bun religious movement initiated an armed rebellion against French Indochina and Siam, aim ...
. The concomitant right-bank Holy Man's Rebellion of 1901–1902 was a short-lived phenomenon.
Following legal action against captured local leaders of the movement, the Thai government considered the case of the rebellion closed.
The right-bank dependencies were absorbed into the Siamese
Northeast Monthon,
Isan
Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/ th, อีสาน, ; lo, ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsānna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provin ...
(), and the
House of Na Champassak continued to rule autonomously. In 1904, prior to the Franco-Siamese Treaty, the kingdom's capital was transferred to the French rule and was placed under the control of French Cambodia. Despite historical claims by Cambodia, Champassak lost jurisdiction over the province of
Stung Treng
Stung Treng City ( km, ទីក្រុងស្ទឹងត្រែង) ( lo, ຊຽງແຕງ ) is the capital of Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. It is the major city (and capital) of both the district and province.
Geography
Stung Tren ...
and in return regained the city of Champasak. In addition, the provinces of
Kontum
Kon Tum is the capital city of Kon Tum Province in Vietnam. It is located inland in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam, near the borders of Laos and Cambodia.
History
After the People's Army of Vietnam invaded South Vietnam on March 30, 1 ...
and
Pleiku
Pleiku is a city in central Vietnam, located in the Central Highlands region. It is the capital of the Gia Lai Province. Many years ago, it was inhabited primarily by the Bahnar and Jarai ethnic groups, sometimes known as the Montagnards or De ...
were ceded to French administration in Annam.
In 1946, when Chao Nhouy or Chao
Ratsadanay
King Ratsadanay (1874-1945) was the last king of Champasak. He was the father of Boun Oum
Prince Boun Oum (also Prince Boun Oum Na Champassak; lo, ບຸນອຸ້ມ ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; th, บุญอุ้ม ณ จัม ...
died, his son Chao
Boun Oum
Prince Boun Oum (also Prince Boun Oum Na Champassak; lo, ບຸນອຸ້ມ ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; th, บุญอุ้ม ณ จัมปาศักดิ์; ; 2 December 1912 – 17 March 1980) was the son of King Ratsadanay, ...
Na Champassak became the head of the House of Champassak. He was also appointed as Inspector General for Life in Laos, in lieu of him agreeing not to make a claim on the Lao throne.
Boun Oum
Prince Boun Oum (also Prince Boun Oum Na Champassak; lo, ບຸນອຸ້ມ ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; th, บุญอุ้ม ณ จัมปาศักดิ์; ; 2 December 1912 – 17 March 1980) was the son of King Ratsadanay, ...
was forced to leave Laos and become a political refugee in France in 1975. He died in France on March 17, 1980. He had nine children.
Kings of Champassak (1713–1904)
*
Nokasad Nokasad (full name Somdetch Brhat Chao Jaya Sri Samudra Buddhangkura; alternate names Soi Si Samout Phouthong Koun; King of Champa Nagapurisiri or Nakhon Champa Nakhaburisi) (reckoned posthumously to have been born in 1693 as Prince ( Chao) Nakasatr ...
(Soysisamout Phoutthangkoun) (1713–1737, grandson of
Sourigna Vongsa
Souligna Vongsa (ສຸຣິຍະວົງສາທັມມິກຣາດ ) was the king of Lan Xang whose reign is considered the golden age of Laos. He ascended to the throne in 1637.
King of Lan Xang
In 1637, Sourigna Vongsa ascended th ...
)
*
Sayakumane
Sayakumane was king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak
The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ ɕàmpàːsák or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom under Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last ...
(1737–1791, son of Nokasat)
*
Fay Na
Fay Na was king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak from 1791 to 1811. He was promoted by King Rama I of Siam
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia ...
(1791–1811, son of Phra Vorarat, not of royal descent appointed by Siam)
*
No Muong
No Muong was king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak
The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ ɕàmpàːsák or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom under Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last ...
(1811–1813, son of Fay Na, not of royal descent)
*
Manoi
Manoi (Chao Phom Manoi) was king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak
The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ ɕàmpàːsák or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom under Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Von ...
(1813–1819, nephew of Sayakoummane)
*
Nho NHO or nho may refer to:
* Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (, NHO), an employers organisation in Norway
* National Hydrographic Office, headquarters of the Indian Naval Hydrographic Department
* Natural hybrid orbitals, one of a set of natur ...
(Chao Yo house of Vientiane) (1819–1827, son of King Anouvong, Kingdom of Vientiane)
*''1829–1893 Siam annexes Champassak'' following the
Chao Anouvong Rebellion
Chao may refer to:
People
* Chao (surname), various Chinese surnames (including 晁 and 巢, as well as non-Pinyin spellings)
* Zhou (surname) (周), may also be spelled Chao
* Zhao (surname) (趙/赵), may also be spelled Chao in Taiwan and Hon ...
and confirms subsequent kings
*
Huy
Huy ( or ; nl, Hoei, ; wa, Hu) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the ''sillon industriel'', the former industrial b ...
(1828–1840, great grandson of Nokasat)
*
Nark
Narc, nark or NARC may refer to:
Places
* Nark, Iran, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province
People
* An informant, sometimes known as a nark or narc
* Nark of Champasak, a king in Laos
* Vaughn Nark, jazz trumpeter
Art, entertainment, and me ...
(1841–1851, brother of Huy)
*
Boua
Boua was king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak
The Kingdom of Champasak (Lao: ຈຳປາສັກ ɕàmpàːsák or Bassac, (1713–1904) was a Lao kingdom under Nokasad, a grandson of King Sourigna Vongsa, the last king ...
(1851–1853 regent, 1853 king, son of Huy)
*''Interregnum (1853–1856)''
*
Kham Nai (1856–1858, son of Huy)
*''Interregnum (Chao Chou) (1858–1863)''
*
Kham Souk
King Zakarine ( lo, ສັກຣິນທຣ໌; also known as Sakkarin, Sakharine, Sackarine, Zackarine and Zacharine; originally Kham Souk, lo, ຄຳສຸກ; full name: ''Samdach Brhat Chao Maha Sri Vitha Lan Xang Hom Khao Luang Prabang Pa ...
(1863–1899, son of Huy, French divide kingdom in 1893)
*
Ratsadanay
King Ratsadanay (1874-1945) was the last king of Champasak. He was the father of Boun Oum
Prince Boun Oum (also Prince Boun Oum Na Champassak; lo, ບຸນອຸ້ມ ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; th, บุญอุ้ม ณ จัม ...
(Nhouy) (1900–1904, son of Khamsouk, his Kingdom was dissolved but he retained his royal title during
French colonization
The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire", that exist ...
; 1905–1934 given title as
regional governor)
See also
*
Champa
Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; km, ចាម្ប៉ា; vi, Chiêm Thành or ) were a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is contemporary central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd cen ...
*
House of Champassak
The House of Champassak or the Na Champassak family ( lo, ນະ ຈຳປາສັກ; th, ณ จัมปาศักดิ์, ) was an important Lao royal house, descendants of Chao Yuttithammathon (Kham Souk), the 11th King of the Kingdom o ...
References
External links
champassak
{{Laos topics
History of Laos
1945 establishments in Asia
1945 disestablishments in Asia
Former kingdoms