Chalcosiinae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of the

Zygaenidae The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so species are commonly known as burnet or forester moths, ofte ...

, containing many

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, mostly little known. Prominent

sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...

, bright

aposematic Aposematism is the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or ...

coloration and

mimicry In evolutionary biology, mimicry is an evolved resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry f ...

complexes are widespread. Several members of this subfamily remain relatively obscure, only being known from a single specimen, as in the case of the genus '' Isocrambia''. Some others are known from specimens of a specific sex, such as '' Cyanidia'' and '' Allocaprima''.

Distribution

The members of Chalcosiinae are distributed throughout

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea and ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

Melanesia Melanesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It extends from Indonesia's New Guinea in the west to Fiji in the east, and includes the Arafura Sea. The region includes the four independent countries of Fiji, Va ...

, and

Micronesia Micronesia (, ) is a subregion of Oceania, consisting of about 2,000 small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: the Philippines to the west, Polynesia to the east, and ...

. The majority of the subfamily extending as far north as the

Russian Far-East The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲiɪ) is a region in Northeast Asia. It is the easternmost part of Russia and the Asian continent; and is admini ...

(''

Elcysma westwoodi ''Elcysma westwoodi'' (often spelled ''Elcysma westwoodii''), commonly known as the white-tailed zygaenid moth, is a species of moth in the burnet moth family Zygaenidae. It has a Palaearctic distribution, being found in Japan, the Korean Penin ...

'') and as far west as Pakistan (''

Campylotes ''Campylotes'' is a genus of day-flying moths of the family Zygaenidae The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of ...

''). A single genus, ''

Aglaope ''Aglaope'' is a genus of moths of the family Zygaenidae The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. Some of the 1000 or so ...

'' is disjunctly distributed from the remainder of the subfamily, being found in the

Iberian peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

and

Southern France Southern France, also known as the South of France or colloquially in French language, French as , is a defined geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin,Louis Papy, ''Le midi ...

Mimicry

A large majority of Chalcosiine moths engage in mimicry complexes with a large variety of butterflies and moths. Yen Shen-Horn designates 19 unique types, separated by wing patterns which allow the ability to mimic a large variety of lepidopterans. Species that are mimicked by Chalcosiine moths include: ''

Laelia ''Laelia'' is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). ''Laelia'' species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. ''Laelia'' is abbreviated ''L.'' in the ...

'', '' Pantana'', ''

Calinaga ''Calinaga'' is the sole genus of the monotypic nymphalid butterfly subfamily Calinaginae. Its species occur in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The evolutionary history of ''Calinaga'' remains a mystery until today. Recent research indicated that ...

'', ''

Parantica ''Parantica'', commonly called tigers, is an Old World genus of butterflies in subfamily Danainae of family Nymphalidae. They are found in southeastern Asia, Indonesia, Papua-New Guinea, and the Philippines. Many of these species are endemic to i ...

'', ''

Aporia In philosophy, an aporia ( grc, ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱ, aporíā, literally: "lacking passage", also: "impasse", "difficulty in passage", "puzzlement") is a conundrum or state of puzzlement. In rhetoric, it is a declaration of doubt, made for rh ...

'', ''

Idea In common usage and in philosophy, ideas are the results of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being ...

'', ''

Ideopsis ''Ideopsis'' is a genus of nymphalid butterflies in the subfamily Danainae found in South-east Asia. Species Listed alphabetically: *'' Ideopsis gaura'' (Horsfield, 829 – smaller wood nymph *'' Ideopsis hewitsonii'' Kirsch, 1877 – Hewitson' ...

'', ''

Euploea ''Euploea'' is a genus of milkweed butterflies. The species are generally dark in coloration, often quite blackish, for which reason they are commonly called crows. As usual for their subfamily, they are poisonous due to feeding on milkweeds and ...

'', ''

Danaus In Greek mythology, Danaus (, ; grc, Δαναός ''Danaós'') was the king of Libya. His myth is a foundation legend of Argos, one of the foremost Mycenaean cities of the Peloponnesus. In Homer's ''Iliad'', "Danaans" ("tribe of Danaus") and " ...

'', ''

Delias ''Delias'' is a genus of butterflies. There are about 250 species of the genus ''Delias'', found in South Asia and Australia. The genus is considered to have its evolutionary origins in the Australian region.Braby, M.F. and N.E. Pierce. 2006. Sy ...

'', ''

Eurema ''Eurema'' is a widespread genus of grass yellow butterfly, butterflies in the family Pieridae. Species range from Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania, to the New World. The type species is the North American barred yellow (''Eurema daira' ...

'', '' Milionia'', '' Scrobigera'', ''

Nyctemera ''Nyctemera'' is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1820. The genus includes the species ''Nyctemera annulata'' and ''Nyctemera amica'', which are closely related and are able to interbreed. Desc ...

'', '' Dysphania'',

Lithosiinae The Lithosiini are a tribe of lichen moths in the family Erebidae. The taxon was described by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820. Systematics The tribe was previously treated as a higher-level taxon, the subfamily Lithosiinae, within the lichen an ...

Sesiidae The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hymenoptera. The family consists of 165 genera spread over two subfamilies, contai ...

, Syntomini, '' Asota'', ''

Damias ''Damias'' is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. Species References External links

* Damias, Lithosiini Moth genera {{Cisthenina-stub ...

'', ''

Retina The retina (from la, rete "net") is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then ...

'',

Troidini Troidini is a tribe of swallowtail butterflies that consists of some 135 species in 12 genera. Members of this tribe are superlatively large among butterflies (in terms of both wingspan and surface area) and are often strikingly coloured. Genera ...

, '' Melanothrix''

Systematics

Alberti (1954) created five tribes within the subfamily. The five tribes only covered 40 genera, with the remaining 25 genera at the time lacking the proper material to warrant division. With this subfamily's notorious obscurity, and the relative variation between species and subspecies, the relationships between members is still quite indeterminate. S.H. Yen and team (2005) proposes 18 clades, with the Heteropanini being elevated to subfamily level. Clade 1 encompassing Agalopini and Aglaopini, Clade 2 encompassing an extended Cyclosiini, and Chalcosiini being the remainder of clades 6-18. As they describe, the nomenclature for this subfamily is currently unstable and is subject to further revision. The subfamily consists of about 380 species in 70 genera. It contains the following genera

Aglaopini

*''

Agalopini

*'' Agalope'' *'' Boradia'' *''

'' *'' Chalcophaedra'' *'' Corma'' *'' Elcysma'' *''

Herpa Herpa Miniaturmodelle GMBH (or simply Herpa, an acronym for "Hergenröther und Patente”, the original name of the firm), is a German manufacturing company that produces die-cast scale model aircraft (under the "Herpa Wings" trademark) and plasti ...

'' *'' Philopator'' *'' Rhodopsona''

Cyclosiini

*'' Cadphises'' *'' Cyclosia'' *'' Hampsonia''

Chalcosiini

*'' Amesia'' *'' Anarbudas'' *'' Aphantocephala'' *'' Caprima'' *'' Chalcosia'' *'' Docleopsis'' *''

Erasmia Erasmia is a suburb in the northern outskirts of Centurion in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Originally a whites-only area under apartheid, increasing numbers of Indians from neighbouring Laudium moved in, following the aboliti ...

'' *'' Erasmiphlebohecta'' *'' Eterusia'' *'' Eusphalera'' *'' Gynautocera'' *'' Histia'' *'' Milleria'' *'' Pidorus'' *'' Pompelon'' *'' Prosopandrophila'' *'' Psaphis'' *'' Pseudarbudas'' *'' Pseudonyctemera'' *'' Pseudoscaptesyle'' *''

'' *'' Soritia'' *'' Trypanophora''

Heteropanini

*'' Arbudas'' *'' Chalcosiopsis'' *'' Eumorphiopais'' *'' Heteropan''

''Incertae sedis''

*'' Achelura'' *'' Allocyclosia'' *'' Atelesia'' *'' Barbaroscia'' *'' Boradiopsis'' *'' Canerkes'' *'' Clematoessa'' *'' Cleoda'' *'' Codane'' *'' Cryptophysophilus'' *'' Cyanidia'' *'' Devanica'' *'' Didina'' *'' Docleomorpha'' *'' Epyrgis'' *'' Eucorma'' *'' Eucormopsis'' *'' Euxanthopyge'' *'' Hadrionella'' *'' Hemiscia'' *'' Hemichrysoptera'' *'' Herpidia'' *'' Herpolasia'' *'' Heteropanula'' *'' Heterusinula'' *'' Isbarta'' *'' Isocrambia'' *''

Laurion Laurium or Lavrio ( ell, Λαύριο; grc, Λαύρειον (later ); before early 11th century BC: Θορικός ''Thorikos''; from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια ''Ergastiria'') is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greec ...

'' *'' Mimascaptesyle'' *'' Mimeuploea'' *'' Neochalcosia'' *'' Neoherpa'' *'' Opisoplatia'' *'' Panherpina'' *'' Phlebohecta'' *''

Pintia Pintia is the name of an ancient city of the Vaccaei, situated in the area around Padilla de Duero, in the modern province of Valladolid, central Spain. The Vaccaei or Vacceans were the first sedentary occupants of the valley between the Duero a ...

'' *'' Sciodoclea'' *'' Scotopais'' *'' Thaumastophleps'' *'' Watermenia''

Gallery

Image:TES 5376 (26022138876).jpg, '' Achelura sanguifasciata'' Image:MOT 7041 (26048078335).jpg, '' Agalope formosana'' Image:MOT 6631 (25981807741).jpg, '' Agalope wangi'' Image:DSG1832 (25445749073).jpg, '' Amesia sanguiflua'' Image:Arbudas leno (26048521865).jpg, '' Arbudas leno'' Image:MOT 8354 (25982257941).jpg, '' Arbudas submacula'' Image:Campylotes histrionicus munsiari.jpg, '' Campylotes histrionicus'' Image:MOT 3858 (26049090165).jpg, '' Campylotes maculosa'' Image:Chalcosia formosana contradicta (5763813046).jpg, '' Chalcosia formosana'' Image:Corma sp cf. maculata (7211457934).jpg, '' Corma maculata'' Image:Cyclosia papilionaris by Kadavoor.JPG, ''

Cyclosia papilionaris ''Cyclosia papilionaris'', Drury's jewel, is a moth in the family Zygaenidae. It was described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found from Thailand to southern China. It is also found in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The habitat consists of rainf ...

'' Image:Zygaenid Moth (Eterusia aedea) (7113033801).jpg, '' Eterusia aedea'' Image:Erasmia pulchella (5773905823).jpg, '' Erasmia pulchella'' Image:Gynautocera rubriscutellata (4809395024).jpg, '' Gynautocera rubriscutellata'' Image:Histia flabellicornis (5404339855).jpg, '' Histia flabellicornis'' Image:Neochalcosia remota s2.jpg, '' Neochalcosia remota'' Image:Pidorus atratus (4808826689).jpg, '' Pidorus atratus'' Image:Pidorus glaucopis.JPG, '' Pidorus glaucopis'' Image:Red Wings (26059092816).jpg, '' Retina rubrivitta'' Image:Twmoth000247 (16603977726).jpg, '' Soritia strandi''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2784491 Aposematic animals