''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...

s with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaetoceros'' species. Several attempts have been made to restructure this large genus into subgenera and this work is still in progress.Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., (1997). ''Identifying Marine Phytoplankton'', Academic Press.Rines J. E. B., Theriot E. C., (2003). ''Systematics of Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyceae). I. A phylogenetic analysis of the family'', Phycological research 51: 83–98. However, most of the effort to describe species has been focused in boreal areas, and the genus is cosmopolitan, so there are probably many tropical species still undescribed.J.E.B. Rines, P. Boonruang and E.C. Theriot., (2000).'' Chaetoceros phuketensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae): a new species from the Andaman Sea''. Phycological Research 48 (3): 161–168. Some species are known from the fossil record, from the Quaternary of Sweden. It is the type genus of its family.

Description

The genus ''Chaetoceros'' were first described by Ehrenberg in 1844.
Cells are more or less rectangular in girdle view.
Cells are usually elliptical in valve view.
Opposite setae of adjacent cells touch near their origin. Each frustule has four siliceous processes called mushrooms or thorns that allow them to stay together forming colonies. ''Chaetoceros'' is primarily a marine genus, but there are also accounts of species within inland waters of the United States. It is a type of centric

that contains a frustrule or cell wall composed of silica that contain long, thin spines (setae). The spines connect the frustules together creating a colony of cells.Spaulding, S., and Edlund, M. (2008). Chaetoceros. In Diatoms of the United States. Retrieved October 19, 2017, from http://westerndiatoms.colorado.edu/taxa/genus/Chaetoceros Cells colonies can form chains that are coiled, straight, or curved. Cell size can range from <10 um to 50 um.

Environmental ranges

Depth range (m): 0–470
Temperature range (°C): -1.952–29.468
Nitrate (μmol L-1): 0.053 - 34.037
Salinity: 18.564 - 37.775
Oxygen (mL L-1): 4.139 - 9.192
Phosphate (μmol L-1): 0.046 - 2.358
Silicate (μmol L-1): 0.648 - 92.735

Beneficial effects

Due to its high growth rates, research has been conducted to potentially use of ''Chaetoceros'' in biotechnology. Some ''Chaetoceros'' species are well-established commercial aquacultures. Many of them are recognized as generally good producers of useful lipids and other biologically active products with high value-added. They have enormous potential for producing nutraceuticals and biofuel. Studies suggest that colonies of ''Chaetoceros'' serve as an important food source within the water column and major carbon contributor to the benthic environment. Within the North Water, located in northern Baffin Bay, ''Chaetoceros'' has been reported to contribute about 91% of total phytoplankton cells serving as an important primary producer within this area. Therefore, contributing to oxygen production in the North Water. Overall,

phytoplankton Phytoplankton () are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words (), meaning 'plant', and (), meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'. Ph ...

contributes to over half of Earth's oxygen production.

Blooms

''Chaetoceros'' blooms have been reported to reach concentrations of 30,100 cells/ml and can persist for multiple months. Blooms are able to persist because individuals can survive at low nutrient levels. When present in large quantities, species with larger, thicker spines can damage organisms' gills.Kraberg, A., Baumann, M. and Durselen, C. D. 2010. Coastal Phytoplankton: Photo Guide for Northern European Seas. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany. 204. Although, this defensive trait can help the species avoid predation and further promote bloom success. Overall, intensive development of the species of the genus ''Chaetoceros'' in the Arctic Ocean has a significant impact on the biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon and silicon, as well as on a wide range of macronutrients, trace and rare earth elements.

Some currently accepted ''Chaetoceros'' species

*'' Chaetoceros abnormis'' A.I. Proshkina-Lavrenko *'' Chaetoceros aculeatus'' I.V. Makarova *'' Chaetoceros adelianus'' E.E. Manguin *'' Chaetoceros aduncus'' I.N. Sukhanova * ''Chaetoceros aequatorialis'' var. ''antarcticus'' Manguin *'' Chaetoceros aequatorialis'' Cleve * ''Chaetoceros affinis'' f. ''pseudosymmetricus'' (E. Steemann Nielsen) M. Torrington-Smith * ''Chaetoceros affinis'' f. ''parallelus'' M. Thorrington-Smith * ''Chaetoceros affinis'' f. ''inaequalis'' M. Thorrington-Smith *'' Chaetoceros affinis'' Lauder *'' Chaetoceros amanita'' A. Cleve-Euler *'' Chaetoceros anastomosans'' Grunow *''

Chaetoceros angularis ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaeto ...

'' Schütt *'' Chaetoceros angulatus'' F. Schütt * ''Chaetoceros anostomosans'' var. ''speciosus'' F. Schütt *''

Chaetoceros armatus ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' T. West *''

Chaetoceros astrabadicus ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' A. Henckel * ''Chaetoceros atlanticus'' var. ''compactus'' (F. Schütt) P.T. Cleve * ''Chaetoceros atlanticus'' var. ''neapolitanus'' (Schroeder) Hustedt * ''Chaetoceros atlanticus'' var. ''tumescens'' A. Grunow *''

Chaetoceros atlanticus ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' Cleve * ''Chaetoceros atlanticus'' f. ''audax'' (F. Schütt) H.H. Gran * ''Chaetoceros atlanticus'' var. ''cruciatus'' (G. Karsten) M. Thorrington-Smith *''

Chaetoceros audax ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' F. Schütt *''

Chaetoceros bacteriastrius ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' G.C. Wallich * ''Chaetoceros bacteriastroides'' f. ''imbricatus'' (L.A. Mangin) M. Thorrington-Smith *''

Chaetoceros bacteriastroides ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' G.H.H. Karsten *''

Chaetoceros bermejense ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' D. U. Hernández-Becerril *''

Chaetoceros bisetaceus ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaet ...

'' J. Schumann *'' Chaetoceros borealis'' J.W. Bailey *''

Chaetoceros borealoides ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaeto ...

'' H.L. Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros breve'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros brevis'' Schütt *'' Chaetoceros brussilowi'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros buceros'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros buceros'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros bulbosus'' (Ehrenberg) Heiden * ''Chaetoceros bulbosus'' f. ''cruciatus'' (G. Karsten) H. Heiden * ''Chaetoceros bulbosus'' f. ''schimperana'' (G. Karsten) H. Heiden *'' Chaetoceros bungei'' Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros calcitrans'' (Paulsen) Takano, 1968 (or synonym of Chaetoceros simplex var. calcitrans'' Paulsen, 1905) ** ''Chaetoceros calcitrans'' f. ''pumilus'' Takano *'' Chaetoceros californicus'' A. Grunow *'' Chaetoceros capense'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros caspicus'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld * ''Chaetoceros caspicus'' var. ''karianus'' A. Henckel * ''Chaetoceros caspicus'' f. ''pinguichaetus'' A. Henckel & P. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros castracanei'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros castracanei'' G.H.H. Karsten * ''Chaetoceros ceratospermus'' var. ''minor'' A.F. Meunier * ''Chaetoceros ceratosporus'' var. ''brachysetus'' Rines & Hargraves *'' Chaetoceros ceratosporus'' Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros chunii'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros cinctus'' Gran *'' Chaetoceros clavigera'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros clavigerus'' A. Grunow *'' Chaetoceros clevei'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros coarctatus'' Lauder *'' Chaetoceros cochleus'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros compactus'' F. Schütt * ''Chaetoceros compressus'' var. ''gracilis'' F. Hustedt * ''Chaetoceros compressus'' var. ''hirtisetus'' J.E.B. Rines & P.E. Hargraves *'' Chaetoceros concavicorne'' Mangin *'' Chaetoceros confervoides'' J. Ralfs *'' Chaetoceros confusus'' S.L. VanLandingham *''

Chaetoceros constrictus ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaeto ...

'' Gran *'' Chaetoceros convolutus'' Castracane * ''Chaetoceros convolutus'' f. ''trisetosus'' Brunel * ''Chaetoceros convolutus'' f. ''volans'' L.I. Smirnova *'' Chaetoceros cornutus'' G. Leuduger-Fortmorel *'' Chaetoceros coronatus'' Gran *'' Chaetoceros costatus'' Pavillard *'' Chaetoceros crenatus'' (C.G. Ehrenberg) T. Brightwell *'' Chaetoceros crinitus'' Schütt *'' Chaetoceros criophilus'' Castracane *'' Chaetoceros cruciatus'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros curvatus'' Castracane *'' Chaetoceros curvisetus'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros dadayi'' Pavillard *'' Chaetoceros danicus'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros debilis'' Cleve * ''Chaetoceros decipiens'' f. ''singularis'' H.H. Gran *''

Chaetoceros decipiens ''Chaetoceros'' is probably the largest genus of marine planktonic diatoms with approximately 400 species described, although many of these descriptions are no longer valid. It is often very difficult to distinguish between different ''Chaeto ...

'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros delicatulus'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros densus'' Cleve *''

Chaetoceros diadema ''Chaetoceros diadema'' is a diatom in the genus'' Chaetoceros''. The easiest way to identify this species is by finding the very characteristic diadem-like resting spores. Species description Cells united into chains. Very characteristic, diade ...

'' (Ehrenberg) Gran * ''Chaetoceros dichaeta'' f. ''unicellularis'' H. Heiden *'' Chaetoceros dichaetus'' Ehrenberg * ''Chaetoceros dichaetus'' var. ''polygonus'' (F. Schütt) H. Heiden * ''Chaetoceros didymus'' var. ''praelongus'' E.J. Lemmermann * ''Chaetoceros didymus'' f. ''aestivus'' H.H. Gran * ''Chaetoceros didymus'' f. ''autumnalis'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros didymus'' C.G. Ehrenberg *'' Chaetoceros difficilis'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros distichus'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros distinguendus'' E.J. Lemmermann *'' Chaetoceros diversicurvatus'' Van Goor * ''Chaetoceros diversus'' var. ''mediterraneus'' J.L.B. Schröder *'' Chaetoceros diversus'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros eibenii'' (Grunow) Meunier *'' Chaetoceros elmorei'' Boyer *'' Chaetoceros elongatus'' Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros exospermus'' Meunier *'' Chaetoceros externus'' Gran *'' Chaetoceros fallax'' Prosckina-Lavrenko *'' Chaetoceros femur'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros filiferus'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros filiforme'' Meunier *'' Chaetoceros flexuosus'' Mangin *'' Chaetoceros fragilis'' Meunier * ''Chaetoceros furca'' var. macroceras'' J.L.B. Schröder *''

Chaetoceros furcellatus ''Chaetoceros furcellatus'' is an Arctic neritic diatom in the genus ''Chaetoceros''. The easiest way to identify this species is by finding the very characteristic resting spores. ''C. furcellatus'' is a common and important species in the Bare ...

'' J.W. Bailey *'' Chaetoceros fusus'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros galvestonense'' Collier & Murphy *'' Chaetoceros gastridius'' (C.G. Ehrenberg) T. Brightwell *'' Chaetoceros gaussii'' Heiden & Kolbe *'' Chaetoceros gracialis'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros glandazii'' Mangin *'' Chaetoceros gobii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros gracilis'' Pantocsek *'' Chaetoceros grunowii'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros hendeyi'' Manguin * ''Chaetoceros hispidus'' var. ''monicae'' A. Grunow *'' Chaetoceros hohnii'' Graebn. & Wujek *'' Chaetoceros holsaticus'' Schütt *'' Chaetoceros ikari'' B.V. Skvortzov *'' Chaetoceros imbricatus'' Mangin * ''Chaetoceros incurvus'' var. ''umbonatus'' Castracane *'' Chaetoceros incurvus'' Bailey *'' Chaetoceros indicus'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros ingolfianus'' Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros intermedius'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros karianus'' Grunow *'' Chaetoceros karyanus'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros knipowitschii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros laciniosus'' Schüt * ''Chaetoceros laciniosus'' f. ''protuberans'' M. Thorrington-Smith * ''Chaetoceros laciniosus'' f. ''pelagicus'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros lauderi''

Ralfs John Ralfs (13 September 1807 – 14 July 1890) was an English botanist. Born in Millbrook, near Southampton, he was the second son of Samuel Ralfs, a yeoman of an old family in Hampshire. He has been commemorated in the names of many plant gro ...

*'' Chaetoceros leve'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros littorale litorale'' E.J. Lemmermann * ''Chaetoceros lorenzianus'' var. ''forceps'' A.F. Meunier *'' Chaetoceros lorenzianus'' Grunow *'' Chaetoceros malygini'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros medius'' F. Schütt C *'' Chaetoceros meridiana'' (F. Schütt) G. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros mertensii'' H.L. Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros messanense'' Castracane C *'' Chaetoceros minimus'' (Levander) D. Marino, G. Giuffre, M. Montresor & A. Zingone *'' Chaetoceros misumensis'' H.H. Gran & K. Yendo *'' Chaetoceros mitra'' (J.W. Bailey) Cleve * ''Chaetoceros muelleri'' var. ''duplex'' E.J. Lemmermann * ''Chaetoceros muelleri'' var. ''subsalsum'' J.R. Johansen & S. Rushforth *'' Chaetoceros muelleri'' E.J. Lemmermann * ''Chaetoceros muellerii'' var. ''subsalsus'' J.R. Johansen & Rushforth *'' Chaetoceros nansenii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros natatus'' E.E. Manguin *'' Chaetoceros neglectus'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros neobulbosus'' T.V. Desikachary, S. Gowthaman & Y. Latha *'' Chaetoceros neocompactus'' S.L. VanLandingham *'' Chaetoceros neogracile'' S.L. VanLandingham *'' Chaetoceros neupokojewii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros nipponicus'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros odontella'' (C.G. Ehrenberg) G.L. Rabenhorst * ''Chaetoceros okamurae'' var. ''tetrasetus'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros okamurae'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros ostenfeldii'' P.T. Cleve *'' Chaetoceros pachtussowii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros pachyceros'' R. Margalef *'' Chaetoceros pacificus'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros paradoxus'' Cleve * ''Chaetoceros paradoxus'' var. ''luedersii'' Engler *'' Chaetoceros parvus'' F. Schütt * ''Chaetoceros paulsenii'' f. ''robustus'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros pavillardii'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros pelagicus'' *'' Chaetoceros pendulus'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros perpusillus'' Cleve * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' var. ''victoriae'' Karsten * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' var. ''gracilis'' J.L.B. Schröder *'' Chaetoceros peruvianus'' Brightwell * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' var. ''robustum'' P.T. Cleve * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' var. ''suadivae'' Karsten * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' f. ''volans'' (F. Schütt) C.E.H. Ostenfeld * ''Chaetoceros peruvianus'' f. ''robustus'' (P.T. Cleve) C.E.H. Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros phuketensis'' J.E.B. Rines, P. Boonruang & E.C. Theriot *'' Chaetoceros pingue'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros pinguichaetus'' A. Henckel & P. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros pliocenus'' J.-J. Brun *'' Chaetoceros protuberans'' H.S. Lauder *'' Chaetoceros pseudoaurivillii'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros pseudocrinitus'' Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus'' Mangin *'' Chaetoceros pseudodichaeta'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros pundulus'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros radians'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros radicans'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros recurvatus'' f. robustus Henckel *'' Chaetoceros recurvatus'' Henckel *'' Chaetoceros robustus'' (P.T. Cleve) C.E.H. Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros rostratus'' Lauder *'' Chaetoceros russanowi'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros salsugineus'' Takano *'' Chaetoceros saltans'' P.T. Cleve *'' Chaetoceros schmidtii'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld * ''Chaetoceros schuettii'' f. ''oceanicus'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros secundus'' P.T. Cleve *'' Chaetoceros seiracanthus'' Gran *'' Chaetoceros sessile'' Grøntved *'' Chaetoceros setoense'' J. Ikari *'' Chaetoceros seychellarus'' G.H.H. Karsten * ''Chaetoceros seychellarus'' var. ''austral'' E.E. Manguin *'' Chaetoceros siamense'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld *'' Chaetoceros similis'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros simplex'' C.E.H. Ostenfeld C *'' Chaetoceros skeleton'' F. Schütt * ''Chaetoceros socialis'' f. ''radians'' (F. Schütt) A.I. Proshkina-Lavrenko *'' Chaetoceros socialis'' Lauder * ''Chaetoceros socialis'' var. ''autumnalis'' Prosckina-Lavrenko *'' Chaetoceros sedowii'' A. Henckel *'' Chaetoceros strictus'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros subcompressus'' J.L.B. Schröder *'' Chaetoceros subsalsus'' Lemmermann *'' Chaetoceros subsecundus'' (Grunow ex Van Heurck) Hustedt *'' Chaetoceros subtilis'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros sumatranus'' Karsten *'' Chaetoceros tenuissimus'' A.F. Meunier * ''Chaetoceros teres'' f. ''spinulosus'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros teres'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros tetrachaeta'' Ehrenberg *'' Chaetoceros tetras'' G.H.H. Karsten *'' Chaetoceros tetrastichon'' Cleve *'' Chaetoceros thienemannii'' Hustedt * ''Chaetoceros throndsenii'' var. ''trisetosus'' Zingone * ''Chaetoceros throndsenii'' var. ''throndsenia'' D. Marino, M. Montresor & A. Zingone *'' Chaetoceros throndsenii'' (Marino, Montresor, & Zingone) Marino, Montresor & Zingone *'' Chaetoceros tortissimus'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros transisetus'' J.R. Johansen & J.S. Boyer *'' Chaetoceros vanheurckii'' H.H. Gran *'' Chaetoceros vermiculus'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros villosus'' Kützing *'' Chaetoceros vistulae'' C. Apstein *'' Chaetoceros volans'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros weissflogii'' F. Schütt *'' Chaetoceros wighamii'' Brightwell *'' Chaetoceros willei'' Grunow * ''Chaetoceros zachariasi'' var. ''longus'' H.L. Honigmann * ''Chaetoceros zachariasii'' var. ''variatus'' H.L. Honigmann * ''Chaetoceros zachariasii'' var. ''latus'' H.L. Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros zachariasii'' Honigmann *'' Chaetoceros ziwolkii'' A. Henckel

References

External links

Algaebase

C.H. von Quillfeldt article

Rines 2000 article

Catalogue of Diatom Names, California Academy of Sciences

''Chaetoceros''
at fossilworks {{Taxonbar, from=Q1761179 Diatom genera Coscinodiscophyceae