Flower chafers are a group of

scarab beetles The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several sub ...

, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s for

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

and

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed. Twelve tribes are presently recognized:

Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina *''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

Cremastocheilini Cremastocheilini is a tribe of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are over 40 genera in Cremastocheilini. Genera Subtribe Aspilina *''Aspilus'' Schaum, 1848 *''Protochilus'' Krikken, 1976 Subtribe Coenochilina *''Arielina'' Rossi, 1 ...

, Diplognathini, Goliathini,

Gymnetini Gymnetini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family Scarabaeidae. There are 34 genera in Gymnetini, mostly New World. Genera *'' Allorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Amazula'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Amithao'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Argyripa'' J. ...

, Phaedimini, Schizorhinini, Stenotarsiini, Taenioderini,

Trichiini The Trichiini are a tribe of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae), though historically they were often classified as a subfamily, Trichiinae. The conspicuous bee beetles (''Trichius'') are probably the best-known genus in Europe. They vary i ...

Valgini Valgini is a small tribe of scarab beetles, formerly considered a subfamily, Valginae. Most species occur in the Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existenc ...

, and Xiphoscelidini. The tribe Gymnetini is the biggest of the American tribes, and Goliathini contains the largest species, and is mainly found in the

rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...

regions of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Description

Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the

mandibles In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The

elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alterna ...

lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the

pygidium The pygidium (plural pygidia) is the posterior body part or shield of crustaceans and some other arthropods, such as insects and the extinct trilobites. In groups other than insects, it contains the anus and, in females, the ovipositor. It is compo ...

. The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal

sternites The sternum (pl. "sterna") is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the ...

with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size. A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra. Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the

prothorax The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum (dorsal), the prosternum (ventral), and the propleuron (lateral) on ea ...

. Each antenna has the apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral

stridulating Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...

area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline.

Biology

Adult cetoniines are

herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...

, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit. Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied

nymphs A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typ ...

Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the ot ...

. '' Spilophorus'' spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds, while '' Spilophorus maculatus'' has been recorded feeding on '' Oxyrhachis'' sp. nymphs and '' Hoplostomus fuligineus'' is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the

pupae A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

of the wasp ''

Belonogaster petiolata ''Belonogaster petiolata'' is a species of primitively eusocial wasp that dwells in southern Africa, in temperate or subhumid climate zones. This wasp species has a strong presence in South Africa and has also been seen in northern Johannesburg. ...

''. '' Campsiura javanica'' feeds on the larvae of ''

Ropalidia montana ''Ropalidia'' is a large genus of eusocial paper wasps in the tribe Ropalidiini distributed throughout the Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian biogeographical regions. The genus ''Ropalidia ''is unique because it contains both independe ...

'' in southern India. '' Cremastocheilus stathamae'' feeds on ants of the genus ''

Myrmecocystus ''Myrmecocystus'' is a North American genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae. It is one of five genera that includes honeypot ants. Worker ants keep and tend plerergates, which are other ants that store large quantities of nutritious fluid i ...

''. In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (thanks to the emargination of the elytra). Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs.

Systematics and taxonomy

The tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, with some notable genera also listed, are:

Tribus
Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina ''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 '' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

Subtribus Cetoniina *'' Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 *''

Anatona ''Anatona'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Aphelinis'' Antoine, 1987 *'' Atrichelaphinis'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Atrichiana'' Distant, 1911 *'' Badizoblax'' Thomson, 1877 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *'' Centrantyx'' Fairmaire, 1884 *''

Cetonia ''Cetonia'' is a genus of beetles in family Scarabaeidae. One of the most familiar species is the rose chafer (''C. aurata''). Species ; Names brought to synonymy: * ''Cetonia elegans'' Leoni, 1910, a synonym for '' Cetonia aurata pisana'', a ...

'' Fabricius, 1775 *'' Chewia'' Legrand, 2004 *'' Chiloloba'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Cosmesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Cosmiophaena'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Dischista'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Dolichostethus'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Elaphinis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Enoplotarsus'' Lucas, 1859 *'' Erlangeria'' Preiss, 1902 *'' Gametis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gametoides'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Glycosia'' Schoch, 1896 *''

Glycyphana ''Glycyphana'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. ''Glycyphana'' Burmeister, 1842 * '' Glycyphana stolata'', (brown flower beetle) * '' Glycyphana brunnipes'' * '' Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola) allardi'' Antoine''Bulletin de la Soci ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gymnophana'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Hemiprotaetia'' Mikšič, 1963 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Heterocnemis'' Albers, 1852 *'' Heterotephraea'' Antoine, 2002 *'' Lawangia'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Lorkovitschia'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Marmylida'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Mireia'' Ruter, 1953 *'' Niphobleta'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pachnoda'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pachnodoides'' Alexis & Delpont, 2002 *'' Paleopragma'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Paranelaphinis'' Antoine, 1988 *'' Paraprotaetia'' Moser, 1907 *'' Pararhabdotis'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Parastraella'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Parelaphinis'' Holm & Marais, 1989 *'' Phaneresthes'' Kraatz, 1894 *'' Phoxomeloides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Podopholis'' Moser, 1915 *'' Podopogonus'' Moser, 1917 *'' Polybaphes'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Polystalactica'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Protaetia'' Burmeister, 1842 **'' Liocola'' Thomson, 1859 **'' Potosia'' Mulsant & Rey, 1871 *'' Protaetiomorpha'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Pseudoprotaetia'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Pseudotephraea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Reineria'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Rhabdotis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Rhabdotops'' Krikken, 1981 *'' Rhyxiphloea'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "Rhixiphloea") *'' Simorrhina'' Kraatz, 1886 *'' Somalibia'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Stalagmosoma'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Sternoplus''

Wallace Wallace may refer to: People * Clan Wallace in Scotland * Wallace (given name) * Wallace (surname) * Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back * Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name ...

, 1868 *'' Systellorhina'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Tephraea'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Thyreogonia'' Reitter, 1898 *'' Trichocelis'' Moser, 1908 *'' Trichocephala'' Moser, 1916 *'' Tropinota'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Xeloma'' Kraatz, 1881 Subtribus Euphoriina *''

Euphoria Euphoria ( ) is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music and da ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Chlorixanthe'' Bates, 1889 Subtribus Leucocelina *'' Acrothyrea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Alleucosma'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Amaurina'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Analleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Cyrtothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Discopeltis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Grammopyga'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Homothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *''

Leucocelis ''Leucocelis'' is a genus of chafer beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. Species * ''Leucocelis abbotti'' * ''Leucocelis abdita'' * ''Leucocelis abessinica'' * ''Leucocelis adelpha'' * ''Leucocelis adspersa'' * ''Leucocelis aeneicolli ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Lonchothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Mausoleopsis'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Mecaspidiellus'' Antoine, 1997 *'' Molynoptera'' Kraatz, 1897 *'' Molynopteroides'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Oxythyrea'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Paleira'' Reiche, 1871 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Phoxomela'' Schaum, 1844 *'' Pseudalleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Pseudooxythyrea'' Baraud, 1985

Tribus
Cremastocheilini Cremastocheilini is a tribe of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are over 40 genera in Cremastocheilini. Genera Subtribe Aspilina ''Aspilus'' Schaum, 1848 ''Protochilus'' Krikken, 1976 Subtribe Coenochilina *''Arielina'' Rossi, 1 ...

Subtribus Aspilina *'' Aspilus'' Schaum, 1848 *'' Protochilus'' Krikken, 1976 Subtribus Coenochilina *'' Arielina'' Rossi, 1958 *'' Astoxenus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Basilewskynia'' Schein, 1957 *'' Coenochilus'' Schaum, 1841 *'' Ruterielina'' Rojkoff, 2010 Subtribus Cremastocheilina *'' Centrochilus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Clinterocera'' Motschulsky, 1857 *''

Cremastocheilus ''Cremastocheilus'' is a genus of myermecophilic beetles in the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The cla ...

'' Knoch, 1801 *'' Cyclidiellus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Cyclidinus'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Cyclidius'' MacLeay, 1838 *''

Genuchinus ''Genuchinus'' is a genus of myermecophilic beetles in the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classifi ...

'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Lissomelas'' Bates, 1889 *'' Paracyclidius'' Howden, 1971 *'' Platysodes'' Westwood, 1873 *'' Psilocnemis'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Cymophorina *'' Cymophorus'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Myrmecochilus'' Wasmann, 1900 *'' Rhagopteryx'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Genuchina *'' Genuchus'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Meurguesia'' Ruter, 1969 *'' Problerhinus'' Deyrolle, 1864 Subtribus Goliathopsidina *'' Goliathopsis'' Janson, 1881 Subtribus Heterogeniina *'' Heterogenius'' Moser, 1911 Subtribus Lissogeniina *'' Chtonobius'' Burmeister, 1847 *'' Lissogenius'' Schaum, 1844 Subtribus Macromina *'' Brachymacroma'' Kraatz, 1896 *'' Campsiura'' Hope, 1831 *'' Macromina'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Pseudopilinurgus'' Moser, 1918 Subtribus Nyassinina *'' Nyassinus'' Westwood, 1879 Subtribus Oplostomatina *'' Anatonochilus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Laurentiana'' Ruter, 1952 *'' Oplostomus'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Placodidus'' Péringuey, 1900 *'' Scaptobius'' Schaum, 1841 Subtribus Pilinurgina *'' Callynomes'' Mohnike, 1873 *'' Centrognathus'' Guérin-Méneville, 1840 *'' Parapilinurgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Periphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pilinurgus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Spilophorina *'' Spilophorus'' Schaum, 1848 Subtribus Telochilina *'' Telochilus'' Krikken, 1975 Subtribus Trichoplina *'' Lecanoderus'' Kolbe, 1908 *'' Trichoplus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Trogodina *'' Pseudoscaptobius'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Trogodes'' Westwood, 1873

Tribus Diplognathini

*'' Anoplocheilus'' MacLeay, 1838 *'' Anthracophora'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anthracophorides'' Moser, 1918 *'' Apocnosoides'' Antoine, 2001 *'' Charadronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Conradtia'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Diphrontis'' Gerstäcker, 1882 *'' Diplognatha'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Eriulis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hadrodiplognatha'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Heteropseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Lamellothyrea'' Krikken, 1980 *'' Metallopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Niphetophora'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Odontorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Parapoecilophila'' Hauser, 1904 *'' Phonopleurus'' Moser, 1919 *'' Pilinopyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Porphyronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pseudinca'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Stethopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Tetragonorhina'' Kraatz, 1896 (= "Tetragonorrhina") *'' Trichostetha'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Triplognatha'' Krikken, 1987 *'' Trymodera'' Gerstaecker, 1867 *'' Uloptera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Goliathini

Subtribus Dicronocephalina *'' Dicronocephalus'' Hope, 1837 Subtribus Goliathina *'' Fornasinius'' Bertoloni, 1853 *''

Goliathus The Goliath beetles (named after the biblical giant Goliath) are any of the five species in the genus ''Goliathus''. Goliath beetles are among the largest insects on Earth, if measured in terms of size, bulk and weight.Karl Meye/ref> They are mem ...

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1801 *'' Hegemus'' J. Thomson, 1881 *'' Hypselogenia'' Burmeister, 1840 Subtribus Ichnestomatina *''

Gariep The Orange River (from Afrikaans/Dutch: ''Oranjerivier'') is a river in Southern Africa. It is the longest river in South Africa. With a total length of , the Orange River Basin extends from Lesotho into South Africa and Namibia to the nort ...

'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Ichnestoma'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Karooida'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Mzansica'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Paraxeloma'' Holm, 1988 Subtribus Rhomborhinina *'' Anagnathocera'' Arrow, 1922 *'' Anisorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Asthenorhella'' Westwood, 1874 (= "''Asthenorrhella''" Bergé, = "''Asthenorrhinella''" Schoch) *'' Asthenorhina'' Westwood, 1843 (= "''Asthenorrhina''" Gemminger & Harold) *'' Bietia'' Fairmaire, 1898 *'' Bothrorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Caelorrhina'' Hope, 1841 (= "''Coelorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Cheirolasia'' Westwood, 1843 *'' Chloresthia'' Fairmaire, 1905 *'' Chlorocala'' Kirby, 1828 *'' Chondrorrhina'' Kraatz, 1880 *''

Compsocephalus ''Compsocephalus'' is a genus of flower chafers belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. These beetles are most commonly found in East Africa, more specifically Kenya. Appearance ''Compsocephalus'' are medium to large beetles ...

'' White, 1845 *'' Cosmiomorpha'' Saunders, 1854 *'' Cyphonocephalus'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Desfontainesia'' Alexis & Delpont, 1999 *'' Dicellachilus'' Waterhouse, 1905 *'' Dicheros'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Dicronorhina'' Hope, 1837 (= "''Dicranorrhina''" Burmeister, "''Dicronorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Diphyllomorpha'' Hope, 1843 *'' Dymusia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Euchloropus'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Eudicella'' White, 1839 *'' Eutelesmus'' Waterhouse, 1880 *'' Gnathocera'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Gnorimimelus'' Kaatz, 1880 *'' Hemiheterorrhina'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Herculaisia'' Seilliere, 1910 *'' Heterorhina'' Westwood, 1842 (= "''Heterorrhina''") *'' Ingrisma'' Fairmaire, 1893 *'' Ischnoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 Ischnocelis_hoepfneri_MHNT

*''

Jumnos ''Jumnos'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. Species * ''Jumnos ferroiminettiique'' Antoine, 1991 * ''Jumnos roylei'' Hope, 1839 * ''Jumnos ruckeri'' Saunders, 1839 Cetoniinae Taxa named by William Wilson Sa ...

'' Saunders, 1839 *'' Lansbergia'' Ritsema, 1888 *'' Lophorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Lophorrhinides'' Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019 *'' Mawenzhena'' Alexis & Delpont, 2001 *''

Mecynorhina ''Mecynorhina'' (frequently misspelled as ''Mecynorrhina''; the original spelling used a single "r" and the misspelling is not in prevailing usage, therefore not valid under the ICZN) are beetles from the subfamily Cetoniinae, tribe Goliathini. ...

'' Hope, 1837 *'' Moseriana'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Mystroceros'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Narycius'' Dupont, 1835 *'' Neomystroceros'' Alexis & Delpont, 1998 *'' Neophaedimus'' Schoch, 1894 *'' Neoscelis'' Schoch, 1897 *'' Pedinorrhina'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Petrovitzia'' Mikšić, 1965 *'' Plaesiorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Platynocephalus'' Westwood, 1854 *'' Priscorrhina'' Krikken, 1984 *'' Pseudodiceros'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Pseudotorynorrhina'' Mikšič, 1967 *'' Ptychodesthes'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Raceloma'' J. Thomson, 1877 *'' Rhamphorrhina'' Klug, 1855 *'' Rhinarion'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Rhomborhina'' Hope 1837 (= "''Rhomborrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Scythropesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Smicorhina'' Westwood, 1847 *'' Spelaiorrhina'' Lansberge, 1886 *'' Stephanorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Taurhina'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "''Taurrhina''" Kraatz) *'' Tmesorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Torynorrhina'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Trichoneptunides'' Legrand, 2001 *'' Trigonophorinus'' Pouillaude, 1913 *'' Trigonophorus'' Hope, 1831

Tribus
Gymnetini Gymnetini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family Scarabaeidae. There are 34 genera in Gymnetini, mostly New World. Genera '' Allorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 '' Amazula'' Kraatz, 1882 '' Amithao'' J. Thomson, 1878 '' Argyripa'' J. ...

Subtribus Blaesiina *'' Blaesia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Halffterinetis'' Morón and Nogueira, 2007 Subtribus Gymnetina *'' Allorhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Amazula'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Amithao'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Argyripa'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Astrocara'' Schürhoff, 1937 *'' Badelina'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Balsameda'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Chiriquiba'' Bates, 1889 *'' Clinteria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Clinteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *''

Cotinis ''Cotinis'' is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae found throughout North and South America. At least two species (''Cotinis mutabilis'' and ''Cotinis nitida'') are common pests. The genus was erected by Hermann Burmeister in ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Desicasta'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Guatemalica'' Poll, 1886 *'' Gymnetina'' Casey, 1915 *'' Gymnetis'' MacLeay, 1819 Gymnetis_stellata_MHNT

*'' Gymnetosoma'' Martínez, 1949 *'' Hadrosticta'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Heterocotinis'' Martínez, 1949 *'' Hologymnetis'' Martínez, 1949 (synonym = ''Cineretis'' Schürhoff, 1937) *'' Hoplopyga'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Hoplopygothrix'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Jansonella'' Blackwelder, 1944 *'' Macrocranius'' Schürhoff, 1935 *'' Marmarina'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Neocorvicoana'' Ratcliffe & Micó, 2001 *'' Stethodesma'' Bainbridge, 1840 *'' Tiarocera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Phaedimini

*'' Phaedimus'' Waterhouse, 1841 *'' Hemiphaedimus'' Mikšič, 1972 *''

Philistina ''Philistina'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classificatio ...

'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Theodosia'' J. Thomson, 1880

Tribus Schizorhinini

Subtribus Lomapterina *'' Agestrata'' Eschscholtz, 1829 *'' Ischiopsopha'' Gestro, 1874 *'' Lomaptera'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Lomapteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Megaphonia'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Morokia'' Janson, 1905 *'' Mycterophallus'' Van de Poll, 1886 Subtribus Schizorhinina *'' Anacamptorrhina'' Blanchard, 1842 *'' Aphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Axillonia'' Krikken, 2018 *'' Bisallardiana'' Antoine, 2003 *'' Chalcopharis'' Heller, 1901 *'' Chlorobapta'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Chondropyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Clithria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Diaphonia'' Newman, 1840 *'' Digenethle'' Thomson, 1877 *'' Dilochrosis'' Thomson, 1878 *'' Eupoecila'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Grandaustralis'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013 *'' Hemichnoodes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Hemipharis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Lenosoma'' Macleay, 1863 *'' Lethosesthes'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Lyraphora'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Macrotina'' Strand, 1934 *'' Metallesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Microdilochrosis'' Jákl, 2009 *'' Microlomaptera'' Kraatz, 1885 *'' Micropoecila'' Kraatz, 1880 *''

Navigator A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation.Grierson, MikeAviation History—Demise of the Flight Navigator FrancoFlyers.org website, October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The navigator's primar ...

'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2016 *'' Neoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *'' Neorrhina'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Octocollis'' Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012 *'' Panglaphyra'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Peotoxus'' Krikken, 1983 *'' Phyllopodium'' Schoch, 1895 *'' Platedelosis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Poecilopharis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pseudoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *'' Schizorhina'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Schochidia'' Berg, 1898 *'' Stenopisthes'' Moser, 1913 *'' Storeyus'' Hasenpusch & Moeseneder 2010 *'' Tafaia'' Valck Lucassen, 1939 *'' Tapinoschema'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Territonia'' Krikken, 2018 *'' Trichaulax'' Kraatz, 1880

Tribus Stenotarsiini

Subtribus Anochiliina *'' Anochilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Epistalagma'' Fairmaire, 1880 Subtribus Chromoptiliina *'' Chromoptilia'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Descarpentriesia'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Coptomiina *'' Bricoptis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Coptomia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Coptomiopsis'' Pouillaude, 1919 *'' Euchilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Euryomia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Heterocranus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *'' Hiberasta'' Fairmaire, 1901 *'' Hyphelithia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Liostraca'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Micreuchilia'' Pouillaude, 1917 *'' Micropeltus'' Blanchard, 1842 *'' Pareuchilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pseudeuryomia'' Kraatz, 1894 *'' Pygora'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pyrrhopoda'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Vieuella'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Doryscelina *'' Doryscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Epixanthis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hemiaspidius'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Parepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1893 *'' Pseudepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Rhynchocephala'' Fairmaire, 1883 Subtribus Euchroeina *'' Euchroea'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Heterophanina *'' Heterophana'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Oxypelta'' Pouillaude, 1920 *'' Pogonotarsus'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Zebinus'' Fairmaire, 1894 Subtribus Heterosomatina *'' Heterosoma'' Schaum, 1845 *'' Plochilia'' Fairmaire, 1896 Subtribus Pantoliina *'' Bonoraella'' Ruter, 1978 *'' Celidota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Cyriodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Dirrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hemilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Lucassenia'' Olsoufieff, 1940 *'' Moriaphila'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pantolia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Tetraodorhina'' Blanchard, 1842 Subtribus Parachilina *'' Parachilia'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Stenotarsiina *'' Callipechis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Ischnotarsia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Rhadinotaenia'' Kraatz, 1900 *'' Stenotarsia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Vadonidella'' Ruter, 1973

Tribus Taenioderini

*'' Anocoela'' Moser, 1914 *'' Bacchusia'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Bombodes'' Westwood, 1848 *'' Carneluttia'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Chalcothea'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Chalcotheomima'' Mikšic, 1970 *'' Clerota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Coilodera'' Hope, 1831 *'' Costinota'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Eumacronota'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Euremina'' Wallace, 1867 *'' Euselates'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Glyptothea'' Bates, 1889 *'' Glyptotheomima'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Gnorimidia'' van Lansberge, 1887 *'' Hemichalcothea'' Mikšic, 1970 *'' Ixorida'' Thomson, 1880 **'' Mecinonota'' Kraatz, 1892 **'' Oncosterna'' Thomson, 1880 **'' Pseudomecinonota'' Miksic, 1972 *'' Macronotops'' Krikken, 1977 *'' Meroloba'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Microchalcothea'' Moser, 1910 *'' Penthima'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Plectrone'' Wallace, 1867 *'' Pleuronota'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Pseudochalcothea'' Ritsema, 1882 *'' Taeniodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Xenoloba'' Bates, 1889 Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch)

Tribus
Trichiini The Trichiini are a tribe of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae), though historically they were often classified as a subfamily, Trichiinae. The conspicuous bee beetles (''Trichius'') are probably the best-known genus in Europe. They vary i ...

Subtribus Cryptodontina *'' Coelocorynus'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Cryptodontes'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Incaina *'' Golinca'' Thomson, 1878 *''

Inca The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, (Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The admin ...

'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 *'' Pantodinus'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Osmodermatina *''

Osmoderma ''Osmoderma'' is a genus of beetle in family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family ...

'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *'' Platygeniops'' Krikken, 1978 Subtribus Platygeniina *'' Platygenia'' MacLeay, 1819 Subtribus Trichiina *'' Agnorimus'' Miyake et al., 1991 *'' Apeltastes'' Howden, 1968 *'' Brachagenius'' Kraatz, 1890 *'' Calometopidius'' Bourgoin, 1917 *'' Calometopus'' Blanchard, 1850 *'' Campulipus'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Chaetodermina'' Heller, 1921 *'' Clastocnemis'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Coelocratus'' Burmeister, 1841 *'' Corynotrichius'' Kolbe, 1891 *'' Dialithus'' Parry, 1849 *'' Diploa'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Diploeida'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Elpidus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Endoxazus'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Epitrichius'' Tagawa, 1941 *'' Eriopeltastes'' Burmeister, 1840 *''

Giesbertiolus ''Giesbertiolus'' is a genus of Scarabaeidae, scarab beetle belonging to the subfamily Cetoniinae. It contains four species, although the placement of ''G. linnaei'' is regarded as tentative. References External links

* {{Taxonbar ...

'' Howden, 1988 *'' Glaphyronyx'' Moser, 1924 *''

Gnorimella ''Gnorimella'' is a genus of uncommon scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. There is only one species in this genus, ''Gnorimella maculosa'', also known as the maculate flower scarab. Its name refers to its spotted (maculate) patterning. It ...

'' Casey, 1915 *''

Gnorimus ''Gnorimus'' is genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. Etymology The genus name ''Gnorimus'' derives from the ancient Greek γνώριμος, ''gnōrimos'' meaning 'famous'. Species * ''Gnorimus armeniacus ...

'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *'' Incala'' J. Thomson, 1858 *'' Incalidia'' Janson, 1907 *'' Liotrichius'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Myodermides'' Ruter, 1964 *'' Myodermum'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Paragnorimus'' Becker, 1910 *'' Paratrichius'' Janson, 1881 *'' Peltotrichius'' Howden, 1968 *'' Pileotrichius'' Bourgoin, 1921 *'' Polyplastus'' Janson, 1880 *'' Stegopterus'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Stripsipher'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Trichiomorphus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *''

Trichiotinus ''Trichiotinus'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers in the family Scarabaeidae. There are about 8 described species in ''Trichiotinus'', all native to the New World. Species * ''Trichiotinus affinis'' (Gory & Percheron, 1833) * ''Trichiotin ...

'' Casey, 1915 *'' Trichius'' Fabricius, 1787 *''

Trigonopeltastes ''Trigonopeltastes'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers in the beetle family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetl ...

'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Xiphoscelidus'' Péringuey, 1907

Tribus
Valgini Valgini is a small tribe of scarab beetles, formerly considered a subfamily, Valginae. Most species occur in the Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existenc ...

Subtribe Microvalgina *'' Ischnovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Microvalgus'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Stenovalgus'' Kolbe, 1892 Subtribe Valgina *'' Acanthovalgus'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Bivalgus'' Paulian, 1961 *'' Chaetovalgus'' Moser, 1914 *'' Charitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Chromovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Comythovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Cosmovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Dasyvalgoides'' Endrödi, 1952 *'' Dasyvalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Euryvalgus'' Moser, 1908 *'' Excisivalgus'' Endrödi, 1952 *'' Heterovalgus'' Krikken, 1978 *'' Homovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Hoplitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Hybovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Idiovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Lepivalgus'' Moser, 1914 *'' Lobovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Mimovalgus'' Arrow, 1944 *'' Oedipovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Oreoderus'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Oreovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Podovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Pygovalgus'' Kolbe, 1884 *'' Sphinctovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Tibiovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Valgoides'' Fairmaire, 1899 *'' Valgus'' Scriba, 1790 *'' Xenoreoderus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Yanovalgus'' Nomura, 1952

Tribus Xiphoscelidini

*'' Aporecolpa'' van Lansberge, 1886 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *'' Heteroclita'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Ischnostomiella'' Krikken, 1978 *'' Meridioclita'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Myodermidius'' Bourgoin, 1920 *'' Neoclita'' Perissinotto, 2017 *'' Oroclita'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Plochiliana'' Ruter, 1978 *'' Protoclita'' Krikken, 1978 *'' Rhinocoeta'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Scheinia'' Ruter, 1958 *'' Xiphoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Xiphosceloides'' Holm, 1992

References

*Evans, Arthur W
Generic Guide to New World Scarabs
*Orozco, Jesus
American Cetoniinae
*Sakai, K. & S. Nagai, 1998. ''The cetoniine Beetles of the Wor''ld. Tokyo: Mushi-Sha. 421p Excellent illustrations of most species. *White, Richard E. (1998). ''Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .

External links

Illustrated key to South Asian chafers

Punctate Flower Chafer Factfile

Gallery

African Cetoniinae website. Literature page.
flickr
tagged images.

by Oz Rittner {{DEFAULTSORT:Flower Chafer Scarabaeidae Polyphaga subfamilies