The Cetina culture is the name for the culture of the inhabitants of the Middle
Dalmatian coast
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, stretc ...
, and especially its hinterland, during the early
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
(1900 to 1600 BC), or, according to
Paul Reineck's chronology, Br A1 - A2/B1 (2200. – 1500 BC.). It is named after the numerous sites along the
Cetina
Cetina () is a river in southern Croatia. It has a length of and its basin covers an area of . From its source, Cetina descends from an elevation of above sea level to the Adriatic Sea. It is the most water-rich river in Dalmatia.Naklada Naprijed ...
river in Central Dalmatia and
Herzegovina
Herzegovina ( or ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, Hercegovina, separator=" / ", Херцеговина, ) is the southern and smaller of two main geographical region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being Bosnia. It has never had strictly defined geogra ...
. People of this culture were present in caves (
Škarin Samograd near
Drniš
Drniš is a town in Croatia, located in inland Dalmatia, about halfway between Šibenik and Knin.
History
The name Drniš was mentioned for the first time in a contract dated March 8, 1494. However, there are traces of older Middle Ages' fortr ...
, Gudnja near
Ston
Ston () is a settlement and a municipality in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia, located at the south of isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula.
History
Because of its geopolitical and strategic position, Ston has had a rich history since ant ...
, Ravlić cave in
Drinovci
Drinovci is a village in the municipality of Grude in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Geographical location
Drinovci are located on the southeast side of the Imotski karst field. The relatively large area of the town and 2,569 inhabitants, according ...
) or in open settlements (Gradac in
Kotorac and Krstina near
Posušje
Posušje ( cyrl, Посушје, ) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the West Herzegovina Canton, a federal unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Name
The name Posušje is derived from ''suša'' ...
). The graves are in rocky colonies. In the case of
inhumation
Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects. This is usually accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objec ...
, they have the shape of a stone chest, while incinerated remains of the deceased are laid in clay pots.
Area of diffusion
The largest number of well-known sites of Cetina culture is located in the interior of Dalmatia, primarily between the upper stream of the Cetina river and the lower
Neretva
The Neretva ( sr-cyrl, Неретва, ), also known as Narenta, is one of the largest rivers of the eastern part of the Adriatic basin. Four HE power-plants with large dams (higher than 150,5 metres) provide flood protection, power and water s ...
river. Individual finds are documented on Central Dalmatian islands,
Palagruza, Northern Adriatic, deep in the interior of the Western
Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...
,
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
, Southern and Eastern
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
, and
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
.
Settlements
Settlements are the least known aspect of Cetina culture. The most significant deposits of Cetina culture were discovered in the Škarin Samograd cave located at the foot of the
Mogli brdo, six kilometers northwest of
Unešić
Unešić is a municipality in Šibenik-Knin County, Croatia. There are 1,686 inhabitants, with 99.70% declaring themselves Croats
The Croats (; hr, Hrvati ) are a South Slavic ethnic group who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, ...
. The amount of findings collected in other researched settlements, mostly caves, suggests mainly temporary inhabitation. The stratigraphy of Škarin Samograd enabled Ivan Marovic and Borivoj Covic to produce a three-phase periodization of Cetina culture, which is still used.
Genetics
Mathieson et al. 2018
archaeogenetic
Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources. This form of genetic analysis can be applied to human, animal, and plant specimens. Ancient DNA can be extracted from various fossilized specime ...
study included three samples from
Dalmatia
Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
: two Early & Middle Bronze Age (1631-1521/1618-1513 calBCE) samples from Veliki Vanik (near
Vrgorac
Vrgorac (, it, Vergoraz) is a town in Croatia in the Split-Dalmatia County.
Demographics
The total population of Vrgorac is 6,572 (census 2011), in the following settlements:
* Banja, population 202
* Dragljane, population 52
* Draževiti ...
) and one Iron Age (805-761 calBCE) sample from Jazinka Cave in
Krka National Park. According to ADMIXTURE analysis they had approximately 60%
Early European Farmers
Early European Farmers (EEF), First European Farmers (FEF), Neolithic European Farmers, Ancient Aegean Farmers, or Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF) are names used to describe a distinct group of early Neolithic farmers who brought agriculture to E ...
, 33%
Western Steppe Herders
In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the Eneolithic steppe around the turn of the 5th millennium BCE, ...
and 7%
Western Hunter-Gatherer
In archaeogenetics, the term Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG), West European Hunter-Gatherer or Western European Hunter-Gatherer names a distinct ancestral component of modern Europeans, representing descent from a population of Mesolithic hunter-gat ...
-related ancestry. The male individual from Veliki Vanik carried the
Y-DNA haplogroup
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of sh ...
J2b2a1-L283 while his and two female individuals
mtDNA haplogroup
In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evol ...
were
I1a1,
W3a1 and
HV0e.
Freilich et al. (2021) identify the Veliki Vanik samples as related to Cetina culture. They carry similar ancestry to a Copper Age sample from the site of
Beli Manastir
Beli Manastir is a town in eastern Croatia. It is the principal town of the Croatian part of Baranja, located in the Osijek-Baranja County.
Name
The name means "white monastery" in Serbo-Croatian. Originally called Monoštor, the current name w ...
-Popova Zemlja (late
Vučedol culture
The Vučedol culture ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Vučedolska kultura, Вучедолска култура) flourished between 3000 and 2200 BCE (the Eneolithic period of earliest copper-smithing), centered in Syrmia and eastern Slavonia on the right bank of t ...
), eastern Croatia. The same autosomal profile persists in the Iron Age sample from Jazinka cave.
Lazaridis et al. (2022) examined 18 samples from Bronze Age Cetina valley and confirmed previous conclusions. Out of 10 males whose Y-DNA was successfully extracted, 9 belonged to haplogroup J2 (mainly J2b2a1-L283 subclades) and 1 to haplogroup R1b1a1b1a-Z2118. Their and female individuals mtDNA haplogroups were 2x H, H13a2a, H5, H6a1, 3x H6a1a, HV0e, 6x J1c1, N1a1a1, T1a1 and U5a1a.
See also
*
Illyrians
The Illyrians ( grc, Ἰλλυριοί, ''Illyrioi''; la, Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European languages, Indo-European-speaking peoples who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo ...
References
Bibliography
*Borivoj Čović: Od Butmira do Ilira, Sarajevo, 1976.
*Stašo Forenbaher - Timonthy Kaiser: Palagruža, jadranski moreplovci i njihova kamena industrija na prijelazu iz bakrenog u brončano doba, Opuscula archaeologica, 21, Zagreb, 1997, 15–28 https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/5438
*Blagoje Govedarica, Rano bronzano doba na području istočnog Jadrana, Sarajevo, 1989.
*Blagoje Govedarica: Keramika cetinskog tipa u unutrašnjosti zapadnog Balkana i problem kulturno-istorijske interpretacije praistorijskih nalaza, Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 35, Sarajevo, 2006., str. 95-11
*Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Brončano doba, u: Stojan Dimitrijević, Tihomila Težak-Gragl, Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Povijest umjetnosti u Hrvatskoj - Prapovijest, Zagreb, 1998., 159-219
*Joseph Maran - Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean, the Balkans and the Central Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC; The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World, u I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis, and R. Laffineur (ur.), Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders (Aegaeum 27), Liège/Austin, 2007, str. 3-2
*Brunislav Marijanović: Cetinska kultura - rana faza, - samostalna kultura ili integralni dio eneolitika, Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta, Razdio povijesnih znanosti, Sv. 36/23 (1997.), Zadar, 1998
*Ivan Marović: Prethistorijska istraživanja u okolici Narone, Dolina rijeke Neretve od prethistorije do ranog srednjeg vijeka, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, 5, 1980, str. 45-104
*Ivan Marović: Istraživanja kamenih gomila Cetinske kulture u srednjoj Dalmaciji, Vjesnik za historiju i arheologiju dalmatinsku, sv. 84, Split, 1991., str. 15-214
*Ivan Marović, Borivoj Čović: Cetinska kultura, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, IV, Sarajevo, 1983., str. 191-231
*Darko Periša: Prikaz – Stojan Dimitrijević, Tihomila Težak-Gregl, Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Prapovijest, Zagreb, 1998., Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, 93, Split, 2001., 555-562
*Darko Periša: Brunislav Marijanović, Prilozi za prapovijest u zaleđu jadranske obale, Arheološki vestnik, 54, 2003., str. 422-43
*Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini: Litzen-keramima savsko-dravskog međurječja, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, IV, Sarajevo, 1983., 484-491
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Archaeological cultures of Southeastern Europe
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Albania
Archaeological cultures in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Archaeological cultures in Croatia
History of Dalmatia
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