Cerro Colorado, popularly known as Minas del Rey Salomón, is a Spanishmining deposit in the province of Huelva,
Andalusia
Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a ...
, located in the municipalities of
Minas de Riotinto
Minas or MINAS may refer to:
People with the given name Minas
* Menas of Ethiopia (died 1563)
* Saint Menas (Minas, 285–309)
* Minias of Florence (Minas, Miniato, died 250)
* Minas Alozidis (born 1984), Greek hurdler
* Minas Avetisyan (1928– ...
and
Nerva
Nerva (; originally Marcus Cocceius Nerva; 8 November 30 – 27 January 98) was Roman emperor from 96 to 98. Nerva became emperor when aged almost 66, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the succeeding rulers of the Flavian dy ...
. Its main mineral reserve is
copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...
with 822,000 proven tonnes, of which 696,500 tonnes are recoverable with the current market and profitability range of the mine. As of 24 June 2021, with 206,297 tonnes already mined, the copper mineral reserve increased to 702,000 proven tonnes. In addition to some 9.4 million ounces of silver.
The Cerro Colorado deposit began to be exploited in the late 1960s, after the Riotinto mines had been taken over by Spanish capitalists. It soon became one of the main centres of mining activity in the basin, with the construction of several industrial facilities for the treatment of materials. The extraction work continued until its closure in 2001, due to the low economic profitability of its exploitation. However, since 2015 the deposit has been operational again.
Characteristics
General description
Cerro Colorado is one of the open-pit mines that make up the Minas de Riotinto mining complex, in addition to the
Seville
Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spanish autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula ...
and 500 km from
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
. Cerro Colorado is one of the largest open pit mines in Europe and has been one of the largest massive sulphide deposits in the world with 500 million tonnes of ore, more than 250 million of which are still unexploited.
Dimensions and morphology
The Cerro Colorado deposit currently covers an area of 4.2 km2, has a maximum length of 2020 metres, a width of 850 metres and reaches 230 metres at its deepest point. Cerro Colorado is a complex, irregularly shaped mine, which is divided into three cuts composed of up to four concentrations of massive sulphides: Corta Filón Norte (also known as Cerro Colorado Oeste), Corta Filón Sur, Cerro Salomón and Quebrantahuesos (Corta Cerro Colorado Este). In addition to the latter, to the east are two concentrations called
Planes
Plane(s) most often refers to:
* Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft
* Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface
Plane or planes may also refer to:
Biology
* Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant
* ''Planes' ...
and
San Antonio
("Cradle of Freedom")
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, which Atalaya Mining is studying for exploitation. Another large independent adjacent concentration to the west is Masa San Dionisio, which is the unmined part of
Corta Atalaya
Corta Atalaya is the largest open-pit mine in EuropeSpanish Rio Tinto Mining Company took control of the Rio Tinto mining basin in 1954. Within this area there was an unexploited deposit, Cerro Colorado, whose mass consisted of low-grade copper ores and was covered by a '' gossan'' overburden. This ferruginous overburden contained significant amounts of gold and silver, while the ''
stockwork
In geology, a stockwork is a complex system of structurally controlled or randomly oriented veins. Stockworks are common in many ore deposit types and in greisen
Greisen is a highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite, usually composed predom ...
'' mineralisation had a high copper content. In 1966, the Rio Tinto Patiño company was formed to explore and mine Cerro Colorado, with the first work commencing in 1967. From 1968 onwards, a significant part of the basin's mining and mineralogical activities were concentrated at Cerro Colorado, in contrast to the decline of other deposits.
In 1978 the management of the mines was taken over by Río Tinto Minera (RTM), a subsidiary of the Explosivos Río Tinto group. Cerro Colorado was, in the early 1980s, one of the main copper mines on the European continent. The mineralurgical process was carried out in an industrial unit that was built in the area to obtain gold and silver through the gossan obtained from Cerro Colorado. Copper and ''gossan'' were processed in similar units, albeit separately. The copper concentrate obtained was sent by truck to Huelva. The waste resulting from this operation was condensed in order to recover the water, which in turn was redirected to a nearby
dam
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, a ...
. Over time, the mineral reserves of the deposit increased with respect to the initial estimates due to the research work carried out in old mines in the area, such as Filón Sur, Quebrantahuesos or Cerro Salomón.
During the 1980s, the mining crisis particularly affected the Riotinto basin, which saw many mines closed. The exception was Cerro Colorado. In 1995 the deposit passed into the hands of the labour corporation Minas de Río Tinto (MRT), which kept it in operation for several years. The cessation of activity was due to the then low price of copper on the international markets, which made its profitability unviable. After several years with losses in the millions of dollars, Cerro Colorado ceased operations in 2001.
Current stage
The Cerro Colorado complex was virtually abandoned since 2001, with no maintenance work being carried out, and the deposits were flooded. This situation continued for years. At that time, there were several attempts to restart the exploitation, but none of them were successful.
It was not until 2007, due to rising metal prices, that EMED Mining (now known as Atalaya Mining plc) planned to reopen and exploit the site. In 2015, the company was granted a mining permit, and in 2016 it began commercial production and sale of its copper concentrates. The project originally had a 14-year life with reserves of 606,000 tonnes. However, the reserves were subsequently increased to 702,000 tonnes and the project life increased to 16.5 years (13.8 years with the expansion to 15 Mtpa). With the current proven and probable reserves, Cerro Colorado will be 2400 m long, 1250 m wide and have a maximum depth of 335 m when it reaches the end of its life.
Recent production
In the first phase, throughout 2016, the plant had the capacity to treat between 5 and 7.5 million tonnes of ore per year (37,500 tonnes of concentrate). At the end of that year, phase 2 of maximum production was established, some 45,000 tonnes of concentrate to follow during the first three years of operation (2016–2019). From 2020, production is set at 15 million tonnes of ore and 55,000 tonnes of concentrate.
Mining equipment
The mining stripping equipment consists of the following:
* A total of 53 dump trucks: 4 Komatsu HD605, 10 Komatsu HD465, 40 Komatsu HD785. In addition there is an unspecified number of CAT 777s.
* A total of 15 excavators: 2 Komatsu PC1250, 6 Komatsu PC2000, 1
Hitachi
() is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate corporation headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group (''Hitachi Gurūpu'') and had formed part of the Ni ...
EX1900, 1 Hitachi EX1200, 1 Hitachi ZX890, 3 CAT 6015B and 1 CAT 345b.
* A total of 13 drills: 8
Sandvik
Sandvik AB is a Swedish multinational engineering company specializing in metal cutting, digital and additive manufacturing, mining and construction, stainless and special steel alloys, and industrial heating. The company was founded in Sweden ...
Pantera DP1500i, 2 Sandvik Pantera DP1100i, 2 Atlas Copco C50 and Atlas Copco C45.
* One CAT 993K wheel loader.