Central And Northern Ostrobothnian Dialects

Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects ( fi, Keski-ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan murteet) are Western Finnish dialects spoken in Northern and Central Ostrobothnia, as well as in the Ranua municipality in Lapland. The dialects have been influenced by the Savonian dialects, the influence is weaker at the coasts and stronger in the inland areas.

Features

Pronunciation of standard ''D''

While the letter D in standard Finnish makes the sound , this sound is not used in most dialects of Finnish outside of loanwords. In the central and northern Ostrobothnian dialects, D is not pronounced - ''lehdet'' (leaves) is pronounced ''lehet''. In some occasions, a , or may be inserted in its place, such as ''syvän'', ''meijät'' and ''saaha'' (as opposed to standard ''sydän, meidät, saada'').

The dialects of Kaustinen, Halsua and Veteli use an sound in the place of , for example ''lehdet'' is pronounced like ''lehret''. This is likely South Ostrobothnian influence, from the times before the Savonian expansion.

Pronunciation of standard ''ts''

The Northern Ostrobothnian dialects use ''tt'' in its place, e.g. ''metsä'' (forest) is pronounced ''mettä''. Consonant gradation does not affect it, therefore the genitive of ''mettä'' is ''mettän''. The dialects of Utajärvi, Vaala and Ylikiiminki have consonant gradation for this sound, making the genitive in those dialects ''metän''.

The Central Ostrobothnian dialects use the Savonian-like ''ht''-pronunciation, e.g. ''mehtä''. In the western parts of this dialect area, it is unaffected by consonant gradation (genitive ''mehtän''), in the eastern parts it is affected (genitive ''metän'').

The dialects of Kaustinen, Halsua and Veteli use a non-gradated ''ss'' here: ''messä, messän''.

Diphthongs

Diphthongs ''uo'', ''yö'' and ''ie''

These diphthongs are pronounced as ''ua'', ''yä'' and ''iä'' (e.g. ''nuari tyämiäs'' instead of ''nuori työmies'', "young workman") in the city of Oulu and its surroundings all the way to Muhos, Kiiminki and Haukipudas. In this area, the feature is not as strong as it is in the Tavastian dialects, suggesting that this is a fairly late development.

Other Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects simply use the same pronunciations as the standard language.

Reduction of diphthongs ending in ''i'', ''u'' and ''y''

Most central and northern Ostrobothnian dialects use the standard pronunciations for these diphthongs. However, reduced forms of these diphthongs (e.g. ''koira'' "dog" can be pronounced as ''koera'') may be encountered in an area from Haapajärvi to Ylikiiminki near the Savonian dialectal area, making this an example of Savonian influence.

Middle (epenthetic) vowel

An epenthetic vowel, usually called ''välivokaali'' or ''loisvokaali'' in Finnish, is present in all central and northern Ostrobothnian dialects, e.g. ''kylmä'' (cold) and ''lehmä'' (cow) are pronounced as ''kylymä, lehemä''.

/h/ after unstressed syllables

The ''h''-sound after unstressed syllables can only be found in the southwesternmost parts of the dialect area. In Lohtaja, Himanka, Kannus and Toholampi it appears as ''lampahat, tupahan'' (standard ''lampaat'', ''tupaan''). A syncoped form appears in Veteli, Kaustinen, Halsua and Ullava, e.g. ''lamphat'', ''tuphan''.

Inessive suffix

While in standard Finnish the inessive suffix is ''-ssa'' or ''-ssä'' depending on vowel harmony, a large part of the central and northern Ostrobothnian dialects use a shorter form ''-sa, -sä'' e.g. ''maasa, kyläsä'' instead of ''maassa, kylässä'' (in a/the land/ground, in a/the village).

Dialects on the eastern edges of the group, such as the dialect spoken in Haapajärvi, do not use this feature and simply use the standard-like ''maassa'' and ''kylässä''.

''-ea'' and ''-eä''

These two vowels in the end of a word are most notably used to end various adjectives. In central and northern Ostrobothnia, these are pronounced as ''-ia'' and ''-iä'' instead, e.g. ''korkia'' and ''pimiä'' instead of ''korkea'' and ''pimeä'' (respectively "high" and "dark").

The dialects of Pudasjärvi and Ranua, however, use the ''-ea/-eä'' pronunciations. This may be influence from the dialects of Kainuu.

Possessives

A shared possessive suffix ''-nna/-nnä'', for the first-person and second-person plural exists in some of these dialects, ''talonna'', standard: ''talomme'', ''talonne'' 'our house, your (plural) house'.

Pronouns

In the city of Oulu the pronoun "nää" is used instead of the standard Finnish second person singular pronoun "sinä" .

See also

* Savonian dialects
* South Ostrobothnian dialects
* Peräpohjola dialects

References

Finnish dialects
Ostrobothnia (region)

{{Finnish dialects