This article discusses the mobile cellular network aspect of teletraffic measurements.
Mobile radio
Mobile radio or mobiles refer to wireless communications systems and devices which are based on radio frequencies(using commonly UHF or VHF frequencies), and where the path of communications is movable on either end. There are a variety of view ...
networks have traffic issues that do not arise in connection with the fixed line
PSTN
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) provides infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local teleph ...
. Important aspects of cellular traffic include: quality of service targets, traffic capacity and cell size,
spectral efficiency
Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is ut ...
and
sectorization
A sector antenna is a type of directional microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern. The word "sector" is used in the geometric sense; some portion of the circumference of a circle measured in degrees of arc. 60°, 90° and 120° ...
, traffic capacity versus coverage, and channel holding time analysis.
Teletraffic engineering
Teletraffic engineering, telecommunications traffic engineering, or just traffic engineering when in context, is the application of transportation traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of stat ...
in telecommunications network planning ensures that network costs are minimised without compromising the
quality of service
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...
(QoS) delivered to the user of the network. This field of engineering is based on
probability theory
Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set o ...
and can be used to analyse mobile radio networks, as well as other
telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message ...
s.
A mobile handset which is moving in a cell will record a
signal strength
In telecommunications, particularly in radio frequency engineering, signal strength refers to the transmitter power output as received by a reference antenna at a distance from the transmitting antenna. High-powered transmissions, such as those us ...
that varies. Signal strength is subject to
slow fading
In wireless communications, fading is variation of the attenuation of a signal with various variables. These variables include time, geographical position, and radio frequency. Fading is often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a ...
,
fast fading and interference from other signals, resulting in degradation of the
carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I).
[ Walke, Bernhard H. Mobile Radio Networks: Networking, protocols and traffic performance. West Sussex England: John Wiley, 2002. Chapter 2.] A high C/I ratio yields quality communication. A good C/I ratio is achieved in cellular systems by using optimum power levels through the power control of most links. When carrier power is too high, excessive interference is created, degrading the C/I ratio for other traffic and reducing the traffic capacity of the radio subsystem. When carrier power is too low, C/I is too low and QoS targets are not met.
Quality of Service targets
At the time that the cells of a radio subsystem are designed,
Quality of Service
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...
(QoS) targets are set, for: traffic congestion and blocking, dominant coverage area, C/I, outage probability, handover failure rate, overall call success rate, data rate, delay, etc.
Traffic load and cell size
The more traffic generated, the more base stations will be needed to service the customers. The number of base stations for a simple cellular network is equal to the number of
cells. The traffic engineer can achieve the goal of satisfying the increasing population of customers by increasing the number of
cells in the area concerned, so this will also increases the number of base stations. This method is called cell splitting (and combined with sectorization)
is the only way of providing services to a burgeoning population. This simply works by dividing the cells already present into smaller sizes
hence increasing the traffic capacity.
Reduction of the cell radius enables the cell to accommodate extra traffic.
The cost of equipment can also be cut down by reducing the number of base stations through setting up three neighbouring
cells, with the cells serving three 120° sectors with different channel groups.
Mobile radio networks are operated with finite, limited resources (the spectrum of frequencies available). These resources have to be
used effectively to ensure that all users receive service, that is, the quality of service is consistently maintained. This need to carefully use the limited spectrum, brought about the development of cells in mobile networks, enabling frequency re-use by successive clusters of cells.
Systems that efficiently use the available spectrum have been developed e.g. the
GSM
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation ( 2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as ...
system.
Bernhard Walke defines spectral efficiency as the traffic
capacity unit divided by the product of bandwidth and surface area element, and is dependent on the number of radio channels
per cell and the cluster size (number of cells in a group of cells):
:
where ''N''
c is the number of channels per cell, BW is the system bandwidth, and ''A''
c is Area of cell.
Sectorization is briefly described in traffic load and cell size as a way to cut down equipment costs in a cellular
network.
[ When applied to clusters of cells sectorization also reduces co-channel interference, according to Walke.] This is
because the power radiated backward from a directional base station antenna is minimal and interfering with adjacent cells is reduced.
(The number of channels is directly proportional to the number of cells.) The maximum traffic capacity of sectored antennas (directional) is greater than that of omnidirectional antennas by a factor which is the number of sectors per cell (or cell cluster).
Traffic capacity versus coverage
Cellular systems use one or more of four different techniques of access (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, SDMA). See Cellular concepts. Let a case of Code Division
Multiple Access be considered for the relationship between traffic capacity and coverage (area covered by cells).
CDMA cellular systems can allow an increase in traffic capacity at the expense of the quality of service
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...
.[Key, P., and Smith, D. Teletraffic Engineering in a competitive world. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam Netherlands, 1999. Chapter 1 (Plenary) and 3 (Mobile).]
In TDMA/FDMA cellular radio systems, Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) is used to allocate channels to customers. In FCA the
number of channels in the cell remains constant irrespective of the number of customers in that cell. This results in
traffic congestion and some calls being lost when traffic gets heavy.[Teletraffic Issues Related to Channel Allocation in Digital Mobile Cellular Networks](_blank)
Last accessed 15 March 2005.
A better way of channel allocation in cellular
systems is Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) which is supported by the GSM
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation ( 2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as ...
, DCS
and other systems. DCA is a
better way not only for handling bursty cell traffic but also in efficiently using the cellular radio resources.
DCA allows the number of channels in a cell to vary with the traffic load, hence increasing channel capacity with little
costs.
Since a cell is allocated a group of frequency carries (e.g. f1-f7) for each user, this range of frequencies is the
bandwidth of that cell, BW. If that cell covers an area ''A''c, and each user has bandwidth B then the number of channels will be
BW/B. The density of channels will be
.[Chitamu, P. J., Telecommunications Access Networks. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2005.] This formula shows that as the coverage area ''A''c is increased, the
channel density decreases.
Channel holding time
Important parameters like the carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I), spectral efficiency
Spectral efficiency, spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is ut ...
and reuse distance determine the quality of service
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...
of a cellular network. Channel Holding Time is another parameter that can affect the quality of service
Quality of service (QoS) is the description or measurement of the overall performance of a service, such as a telephony or computer network, or a cloud computing service, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitat ...
in a cellular network, hence it is considered when planning the network. Calculating the channel holding time, however is not easy. (This is the time a Mobile Station (MS) remains in the same cell during
a call). Channel holding time is therefore less than call holding time if the MS travels more than one cell
as handover
In cellular telecommunications, handover, or handoff, is the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another channel. In satellite communications it is the process of transfe ...
will take place and the MS relinquishes the channel. Practically, it is not possible to determine exactly the channel
holding time. As a result, different models exist for the channel holding time distribution. In industry, a good approximation
of the channel holding time is usually sufficient to determine the network traffic capability.
One of the papers in Key and Smith defines channel holding time as being equal to the average holding time divided by the average number of handovers per call plus one.
Usually an exponential model is preferred to calculate the channel holding time for simplicity in simulations. This model gives the distribution
function of channel holding time and it is an approximation that can be used to obtain estimates channel holding time. The exponential model may not be correctly modelling the channel holding time
distribution as other papers may try to prove, but it gives an approximation. Channel holding time is not easily determined explicitly, call holding time and user's movements have to be
determined in order to implicitly give channel holding time. The mobility of the user and the cell shape and size
cause the channel holding time to have a different distribution function to that of call duration (call holding time). This difference is large for highly mobile users and small cell sizes. Since the channel holding time and
call duration relationships are affected by mobility and cell size, for a stationary MS and large cell sizes,
channel holding time and call duration are the same.
See also
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cellular Traffic
Teletraffic
Radio resource management