The Celaenorrhinini are a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...

of spread-winged skippers in the skipper

butterfly Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprise ...

subfamily Pyrginae. When the

Eudaminae The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus ''Eudamus'' is today a junior synonym of ''Urbanus''. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North Ameri ...

were still included in the Pyrginae as a tribe, their delimitation versus the Celaenorrhinini was disputed, and there were even suggestions that the latter might belong in the former. But in reality, these two lineages of moderately advanced skippers are quite distinct. Some genera of the tribe Celaenorrhinini were also placed in the fairly closely related (but nonetheless distinct) tribe

Tagiadini The Tagiadini are a tribe in the skipper butterfly subfamily Pyrginae. Many of its genera were of uncertain relationships for long, and delimitation of the Tagiadini versus the Celaenorrhini was quite disputed at times. The species of this tribe ...

on occasion; '' Capila'' however has turned out to be properly placed there.Brower (2009) These skippers are mainly found in tropical Africa. A few are found in Asia, and some

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

presently placed in the ( paraphyletic)

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal ...

Celaenorrhinus ''Celaenorrhinus'' is a genus of skipper butterflies which are commonly termed sprites. An alternate name is flats, for their habit of holding their wings flat when resting, but this is also used for related genera. They belong to the spread-w ...

'' are found in the

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

. The closest living relatives of the Celaenorrhinini are – other than the Tagiadini – the firetips, which were formerly treated as a subfamily but are nowadays considered the Pyrginae tribe Pyrrhopygini.

Genera

The following genera – listed in the presumed

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

sequence – are placed in the Celaenorrhinini: * '' Alenia'' * '' Aurivittia'' * '' Apallaga'' * ''

'' – sprites, "

flat Flat or flats may refer to: Architecture * Flat (housing), an apartment in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and other Commonwealth countries Arts and entertainment * Flat (music), a symbol () which denotes a lower pitch * Flat (soldier), ...

s" ( paraphyletic) * ''

Katreus ''Katreus'' is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. It consists of only one species, ''Katreus johnstonii'', the giant scarce sprite, which is found in Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo. ...

'' – giant scarce sprite * '' Kobelana'' * '' Eretis'' – "elves" * '' Sarangesa'' – "elfins" (formerly often in

) * '' Pseudocoladenia'' (formerly often in Tagiadini) * ''

Loxolexis ''Loxolexis'' is an Afrotropical genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. Species *'' Loxolexis dimidia'' (Holland, 1896) *'' Loxolexis drucei'' (Larsen, 2002) *'' Loxolexis hollandi'' (Druce, 1909) *''Loxolexis holocausta ''Loxolexis ho ...

'' – scarce sprites

Footnotes

References

* (2009):

Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...

&ndash
Celaenorrhini
Version of 2009-JUN-14. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24. Butterfly tribes {{Pyrginae-stub