Introduction
Unlike the later East India Companies, chartered companies established by the Dutch, English, and others, the ''Casa'' collected all colonial taxes and duties, approved all voyages of exploration and trade, maintained secret information on trade routes and new discoveries, licensed captains, and administeredOperation
A 20 per cent tax, the '' quinto real'' (royal fifth) was levied by the ''Casa'' on all precious metals entering Spain. The other taxes could run as high as 40% to provide naval protection for the trading ships or as low as 10 per cent during financial turmoil to encourage investment and economic growth in the colony. Each ship was required to employ a clerk to keep detailed logs of all goods carried and all transactions. The ''Casa de Contratación'' produced and managed the '' Padrón Real'', the official and secret Spanish map used as a template for the maps carried by every Spanish ship during the 16th century. It was constantly improved from its first version in 1508, and was the counterpart of the Portuguese map, the '' Padrão Real''. The ''Casa'' also ran a navigation school; new pilots, or navigators, were trained for ocean voyages here. Spain employed the then standard mercantilist model, governed (at least in theory) by the ''Casa'' in Seville. Trade with the overseas possessions was handled by a merchants' guild based in Seville, the '' Consulado de mercaderes'', which worked in conjunction with the ''Casa de Contratación''. Trade was physically controlled in well-regulated trade fleets, the famous ''Flota de Indias'' and the Manila galleons.Reductions
By the late 17th century, the ''Casa de Contratación'' had fallen into bureaucratic gridlock, and the empire as a whole was failing, due primarily to Spain's inability to finance both war on the Continent and a global empire. More often than not, the riches transported from Manila andMapmakers
The cartographic enterprise at the ''Casa de Contratación'' was a huge undertaking, and critical to the success of the voyages of discovery. Without good navigational aids, the ability of Spain to exploit and profit from what it found would have been limited. The ''Casa'' had a large number of cartographers and navigators (pilots), archivists, record keepers, administrators and others involved in producing and managing the ''Padrón Real''. Explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who made at least two voyages to the New World, was a pilot working at the ''Casa de Contratación'' until his death in 1512. A special position was created for Vespucci, the '' piloto mayor'' (chief of navigation), in 1508; he trained new pilots for ocean voyages. His nephew, Juan Vespucci, inherited his famous uncle's maps, charts, and nautical instruments, and along with Andrés de San Martín was appointed to Amerigo's former position as the official Spanish government pilot at Seville. In 1524, Juan Vespucci was appointed ''examinador de pilotos'' (Examiner of Pilots), replacing Sebastian Cabot who was then leading an expedition in Brazil. In the 1530s and 1540s, the principal mapmakers (known as "cosmographers") in the ''Casa de Contratación'' working on the ''Padrón Real'' included Alonso de Santa Cruz, Sebastian Cabot, and Pedro de Medina. The mapmaker Diego Gutiérrez was appointed as cosmographer in the ''Casa'' on October 22, 1554, after the death of his father Diego in January 1554; he also worked on the Padrón Real. In 1562, Gutierrez published the map entitled "Americae ... Descriptio" in Antwerp. It was published in Antwerp instead of Spain because the Spanish engravers did not have the necessary skill to print such a complicated document. Other cosmographers included Alonso de Chaves, Jerónimo de Chaves, and Sancho Gutiérrez (Diego's brother). In the late 16th century, Juan López de Velasco was the first ''Cosmógrafo-Cronista Mayor'' (Cosmographer-Chronicler Major) of the Council of the Indies in Seville. He produced a master map and twelve subsidiary maps portraying the worldwide Spanish empire in cartographic form. Although these maps are not especially accurate or detailed, his work represented the apogee of Spanish mapmaking in that period, and surpassed anything done by the other European powers. Cartographers in England, the Low Countries, and Germany, however, continued to improve their skills in making maps and in organizing and presenting geographic information, until by the end of the 17th century, even Spanish intellectuals were lamenting that the maps produced by foreigners were superior to those made in Spain.See also
* ''References
Further reading
* Barrera Osorio, Antonio, ''Experiencing Nature: The Spanish American Empire and the Early Scientific Revolution'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006). *Buisseret, David. "Spain Maps Her 'New World'", ''ncounter'', February 1992, No. 8, pp. 14–19. *Collins, Edward. "Portuguese Pilots at the Casa de la Contratación and the Examenes de Pilotos". ''The International Journal of Maritime History'' 26 (2014): 179–92. *---. "Francisco Faleiro and Scientific Methodology at the Casa de la Contratación in the Sixteenth Century". ''Imago Mundi'' 65 (2013): 25–36. *Fisher, John R. "Casa de Contratación" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, pp. 589–90. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. * McDougall, Walter (1993): ''Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific''. Avon Books, New York, USA. *Pulido Rubio, José. ''El piloto mayor de la Casa de la Contratación de Sevilla: pilotos mayores, catedráticos de cosmografía y cosmográfos''. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano- Americanos, 1950.External links