''Carpodaptes'' ("fruit eater" from Ancient Greek κᾰρπός arpós “fruit, grain” + δᾰ́πτης áptēs "eater, consumer") was a genus that encompassed small, insectivorous animals that roamed the Earth during the Late Paleocene. Specifically, ''Carpodaptes'' can be found between the Tiffanian and Clarkforkian periods of North America. Although little evidence, this genus may have made it through to the early Eocene. They are known primarily from collections of jaw and teeth fragments in North America, mainly in southwestern Canada and northwestern America. ''Carpodaptes'' are estimated to have weighed approximately 53-96 grams which made them a little bigger than a mouse. However small, ''Carpodaptes'' was a placental mammal within the order

Plesiadapiformes Plesiadapiformes (" Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is a group of Primates, a sister of the Dermoptera. While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the group appears actually not to be literally extinct (in t ...

that appeared to have a high fiber diet. This insect-eating mammal may have been one of the first to evolve fingernails in place of claws. This may have helped them pick insects, nuts, and seeds more easily off the ground than with paws or claws. ''Carpodaptes'' was thought to only exist in North America but recent discoveries of dentition fragments have been found in China.

Dentition

The fossil record of ''Carpodaptes'' is relatively sparse excluding jaw and teeth fragments. However, much can be concluded off of these few fragments. Their upper jaw had a dental formula of 2:1:3:3 and 2:1:2:3 on their lower jaw. ''Carpodaptes'' are characterized by their

plagiaulacoid A plagiaulacoid is a type of blade-like, most often serrated, tooth present in various mammal groups, usually a premolar. Among modern species it is present chiefly on diprotodontian marsupials (specifically, Potoroidae, ''Bettongia'' and ''Burramys ...

dentition seen on their first lower premolar. Their p4 had 5-7 apical cusps depending on the specimen. This enlarged p4 would have potentially allowed the mammal to have crack open nuts and seeds as well as act as a slicing function on invertebrates. Their p3 is characterized by lingual apical cusps that are flattened and sometimes even concave. In some species of ''Carpodaptes'', their upper M1 indicates a specialized wedging function that acts in accordance with their p4. The varying development of dentition between ''Carpodaptes'' species indicates they were adapting their teeth to conform with a high fiber diet. However, their teeth are still rather primitive in comparison to other early-diverging primatomorphans of this era. ''Carpodaptes'' are also recognized by the loss of their p2, and some species even show to have a shortening of their mandible to potentially exert a greater biting force. Finally, their upper molars are studded and file-like which would have assisted with breaking open nuts and seeds.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

''Carpodaptes'' is part of an early diverging group of primates that lived approximately 60 million years ago. This genus was first identified in 1921 by Matthew and Granger. They are sister taxa to '' Carpolestes'' and ''Carpocristes''. ''Carpocristes'', unlike ''Carpolestes'' and ''Carpodaptes'', dominated Asia whereas the other two thrived in North America. Within the genus, 7 species have been identified: ''Carpodaptes aulacodon, Carpodaptes cygneus, Carpodaptes hazelae, Carpodaptes hobackensis, Carpodaptes jepseni, Carpodaptes rosei,'' and ''Carpodaptes stonleyi.'' It was originally thought that ''Carpodaptes'' was a subset of the genus ''Carpocristes'' until recent discoveries found the progression of ridges, serrations, and apical cusps more well defined in ''Carpodaptes'' than ''Carpocristes''. This suggests that ''Carpocristes'' diverges from an earlier common ancestor with ''Carpodaptes'' rather than ''Carpodaptes'' being a direct descendant of ''Carpocristes''. The brief connection of North America with Europe could help explain how ''Carpodaptes'' expanded to Asian localities, however it is perplexing that no fossil evidence has been recovered from European regions. This may suggest ''Carpodaptes'' survived more efficiently in a warm and dry climate than a warm and moist one.

Paleoecology

''Carpodaptes'' prospered during the late Paleocene and some species made it through the early Eocene. Fragments of ''Carpodaptes'' have been notably found in the Swan Hills of Canada, Big Horn Basin, and Clark Forks Basin in Wyoming. This suggests that ''Carpodaptes'' lived in a

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...

, humid climate in which there would have been plenty of flora to seek refuge from larger animals. This coincides with the hypothesis that ''Carpodaptes'' mainly consumed fruits and nuts as there is a corresponding diversification of plant species in the late Paleocene. At the same time, insects began to recover from the

Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "", was a time period with a more than 5–8 °C global average temperature rise across the event. This climate event o ...

which allowed ''Carpodaptes'' to expand into broader niches with a broader dietary requirement. The radiation of insect herbivores in the late Paleocene is a possible explanation of a rise in levels at the end of the Paleocene. This would have been in part of ''Carpodaptes'' radiation into

scansorial Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose num ...

insectivores. It could also explain why many species of ''Carpodaptes'' did not survive through the Paleocene-Eocene boundary.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q95952104 Plesiadapiformes Prehistoric primate genera Eocene primates Thanetian life Ypresian life Clarkforkian Wasatchian Eocene mammals of North America Paleocene mammals of North America Fossils of Canada Paleontology in Alberta Paleontology in Saskatchewan Fossils of the United States Paleontology in Colorado Paleontology in Montana Paleontology in North Dakota Paleontology in Wyoming Fossil taxa described in 1921