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Carl Wilhelm Jessen (10 July 1764 – 30 March 1823) was a Danish naval officer and Governor of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies.
Immediately after his lieutenant's examination, Jessen joined an expedition to the 
On 3 March 1801 he fought against the overwhelming force of and a privateer, ''Experiment'', which engaged his ships – before Jessen knew anything about the outbreak of war – near the island of St Thomas. This was the ”Slaget ved Fugleklippen” or the Battle of West Kay. When the Danes surrendered the islands he had to surrender all three of his ships to the British and sailed home with them to Europe. Upon his return to Copenhagen King Christian VII bestowed on him a gold sword in recognition of his fight against the British.
In 1803–1804 he was again in the Danish West Indies, this time as captain of the (small) frigate '' Frederickssteen''. Part of his remit was to act for the government of the Danish West Indies on all questions of naval service and maritime defence.
In 1807 Jessen became captain of the ship-of-the-line '' Prinds Christian Frederick'', which together with the ship-of-the-line ''Louisa Augusta '' and the brig (built 1805), spent that year in Norwegian waters and thus avoided being captured by the British when they seized the whole of the rest of the Dano-Norwegian navy at the Battle of Copenhagen.
In December 1807 Jessen returned to Øresund with 200 of his crew on the sick list, and with a ship that badly needed maintenance as it had been so long at sea. However, in March 1808 Jessen received orders to proceed to the Great Belt to chase away the British warships there, as the Danish government wanted to transfer Spanish troops in French service unhindered from Funen to Zealand
Meanwhile, in Copenhagen it was noted that a large British force had arrived off Hornbæk (north Zealand) so Admiral Bille sent Jessen written instructions to attempt to return to Øresund by sailing south around Zealand – but the message arrived too late. On 22 March 1808 he met two smaller British warships, and , and to prevent them entering the Great Belt he kept a northerly course. The British ships-of-the-line off Hornbæk had meanwhile become aware of his departure and began searching for him the same day.
At 2 pm ''Prins Christian Frederick'' observed two British ships-of-the-line approaching from the east, and Jessen realised that a decisive battle was at hand. The British ships-of-the-line were ''Nassau'' and , accompanied by the frigate ''Quebec'' and the brigs ''Lynx'' and .''Nassau'' was one of the 13 ships the British captured at Copenhagen in 1801, and the only one they took back to Britain. They renamed her ''Nassau'' in 1805.
Jessen did not want to retreat before the British south through the Great Belt as he did not want to draw the British forces down there, so he kept course for the reef off Zealand Point – hoping to be able to slip past and back to Øresund. The wind was variable and failing, frustrating his plan. The battle commenced at 7:30 pm on the eastern side of Zealand Point.
After nearly three hours fighting Jessen was forced to strike, but he was now so close to land that he could run his ship aground. Only in the nick of time did the British ships avoid grounding. In this sea battle, in addition to the 61 men killed and 129 wounded, the Danes lost three officers killed – one of them Lieutenant
On 27 August 1794, Jessen married Anne Margrethe Erichsen (8 December 1764 – 27 December 1845), daughter of senior civil servantThe Danish word for his rank is ''konferensråd'', indicating a person of the second rank of a five-rank scale. The rank is equivalent to that of a fully accredited ambassador, bishop or director of the National Bank. Jon Erichsen. He was the elder brother of author and translator Jessen's Memorial
in Copenhagen. på Holmen in Copenhagen in 1901.
Career
Carl Wilhelm Jessen was a Danish-Norwegian naval officer and the son of Councillor of State Nicolai Jacob Jessen and Marie Christine Jacobi. Jessen became a naval cadet in 1776. He was commissioned as a junior lieutenant in the navy in 1782, and then was promoted senior lieutenant in 1789, commander in 1796, captain in 1803, senior captain in 1810, and commodore in 1815. He left naval service as arear admiral
Rear admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to a major general and air vice marshal and above that of a commodore and captain, but below that of a vice admiral. It is regarded as a two star "admiral" rank. It is often regarde ...
in 1822. He then became Governor of the island of St Thomas in the Danish West Indies.
Ships and actions
Immediately after his lieutenant's examination, Jessen joined an expedition to the Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
with the small ''Lærken'', where he participated in an engagement against two British privateers.
Between 1784 and 1786 Jessen participated in commercial trading voyages with (Danish) West India Company ships as first mate.
In 1789 he was a tutor at the Naval Cadet Academy and commander of a gunboat in Admiral Conrad von Schindel's squadron in the Baltic Sea. In 1790, as captain of ''Makrellen'', he performed reconnaissance for the squadron.
During the period 1793–94 he was the deputy commander of the brig (built 1791) under Captain H. Kaas. They operated in the Caribbean, where Jessen also participated in battles against privateers
A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. Since robbery under arms was a common aspect of seaborne trade, until the early 19th century all merchant ships carried arms. A sovereign or deleg ...
.
In 1795, Jessen was second-in-command of the frigate ''Thetis''. For at least part of the period 1795 to 1799 ''Thetis'' was active in the Mediterranean protecting Danish shipping interests. Although ''Thetis'' was not present at the battle of 16 May 1797, she had been at Tripoli before – with a bribe for the Bey – and later with a squadron.''Thetis'' called frequently at Malta where her captain, Lorentz Fisker, had been nursed back to health by nuns some years previously, and who provided the officers' mess with specially baked cakes.
In 1799 and 1800 Jessen was second in command of the Naval Academy, and later served in a cutter in Norwegian waters protecting the country's neutrality. As captain of ''Lougen'' he again sailed to the West Indies. There he also had the schooners ''Iresine'' and ''Den Aarvaagne'' under his command. On 1 September 1800 he captured the British privateer ''Eagle'', which had been raiding Danish merchant shipping.
On 3 March 1801 he fought against the overwhelming force of and a privateer, ''Experiment'', which engaged his ships – before Jessen knew anything about the outbreak of war – near the island of St Thomas. This was the ”Slaget ved Fugleklippen” or the Battle of West Kay. When the Danes surrendered the islands he had to surrender all three of his ships to the British and sailed home with them to Europe. Upon his return to Copenhagen King Christian VII bestowed on him a gold sword in recognition of his fight against the British.
In 1803–1804 he was again in the Danish West Indies, this time as captain of the (small) frigate '' Frederickssteen''. Part of his remit was to act for the government of the Danish West Indies on all questions of naval service and maritime defence.
In 1807 Jessen became captain of the ship-of-the-line '' Prinds Christian Frederick'', which together with the ship-of-the-line ''Louisa Augusta '' and the brig (built 1805), spent that year in Norwegian waters and thus avoided being captured by the British when they seized the whole of the rest of the Dano-Norwegian navy at the Battle of Copenhagen.
In December 1807 Jessen returned to Øresund with 200 of his crew on the sick list, and with a ship that badly needed maintenance as it had been so long at sea. However, in March 1808 Jessen received orders to proceed to the Great Belt to chase away the British warships there, as the Danish government wanted to transfer Spanish troops in French service unhindered from Funen to Zealand
Meanwhile, in Copenhagen it was noted that a large British force had arrived off Hornbæk (north Zealand) so Admiral Bille sent Jessen written instructions to attempt to return to Øresund by sailing south around Zealand – but the message arrived too late. On 22 March 1808 he met two smaller British warships, and , and to prevent them entering the Great Belt he kept a northerly course. The British ships-of-the-line off Hornbæk had meanwhile become aware of his departure and began searching for him the same day.
At 2 pm ''Prins Christian Frederick'' observed two British ships-of-the-line approaching from the east, and Jessen realised that a decisive battle was at hand. The British ships-of-the-line were ''Nassau'' and , accompanied by the frigate ''Quebec'' and the brigs ''Lynx'' and .''Nassau'' was one of the 13 ships the British captured at Copenhagen in 1801, and the only one they took back to Britain. They renamed her ''Nassau'' in 1805.
Jessen did not want to retreat before the British south through the Great Belt as he did not want to draw the British forces down there, so he kept course for the reef off Zealand Point – hoping to be able to slip past and back to Øresund. The wind was variable and failing, frustrating his plan. The battle commenced at 7:30 pm on the eastern side of Zealand Point.
After nearly three hours fighting Jessen was forced to strike, but he was now so close to land that he could run his ship aground. Only in the nick of time did the British ships avoid grounding. In this sea battle, in addition to the 61 men killed and 129 wounded, the Danes lost three officers killed – one of them Lieutenant Peter Willemoes
Peter Willemoes (11 May 1783 – 22 March 1808) was a Danish naval officer. He fell in the Battle of Zealand Point. He is commemorated by a statue on the harbourfront in his native town of Assens.
Early life and education
Willemoes was born ...
(a Danish hero of the 1801 battle of Copenhagen). British losses were five killed and 44 wounded.
As the British could not manage to refloat ''Prins Christian Frederick'', they set fire to her the next day. The Danish dead were buried in the churchyard at Odden, where an appropriate monument can still be found. Jessen, who was himself wounded in the fight, was taken to Gothenburg where he was exchanged, and where the British ships were repaired.
For the rest of the war Jessen commanded the Trekroner Fort (at the northern approach to Copenhagen harbour), together with a division of gunboats.
In 1815 Jessen sailed by private ship to the West Indies where in 1822, after his retirement from the Navy, he became Governor of St. Thomas. He remained Governor until his death on 30 March 1823.
Personal life
On 27 August 1794, Jessen married Anne Margrethe Erichsen (8 December 1764 – 27 December 1845), daughter of senior civil servantThe Danish word for his rank is ''konferensråd'', indicating a person of the second rank of a five-rank scale. The rank is equivalent to that of a fully accredited ambassador, bishop or director of the National Bank. Jon Erichsen. He was the elder brother of author and translator Juliane Marie Jessen
Juliane Marie Jessen (11 February 1760 – 6 October 1832) was an early Danish female author and translator who became known in 1819 by winning first prize for the words she wrote for a national anthem for Denmark, with her ''Dannemark! Dannemark! ...
. He is buried at St Thomas, where there is still a memorial, although his body was later was disinterred and removed to the naval Holmens Cemetery in Copenhagen,in Copenhagen. på Holmen in Copenhagen in 1901.
Notes
*''This article contains material translated from the Danish article: Carl Wilhelm JessenReferences
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jessen, Carl Wilhelm 18th-century Danish naval officers 19th-century Danish naval officers Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy personnel Royal Danish Navy counter admirals Royal Danish Naval Academy alumni Academic staff of Royal Danish Naval Academy 1764 births 1823 deaths Danish military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom People from Fredensborg Municipality 19th century in the Danish West Indies 19th-century Danish military personnel Burials at Holmen Cemetery