Carl Sandburg

Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 – July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as "a major figure in contemporary literature", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including '' Chicago Poems'' (1916), ''Cornhuskers'' (1918), and ''Smoke and Steel'' (1920). He enjoyed "unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life". When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America."

Life

Carl Sandburg was born in a three-room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois, to Clara Mathilda (née Anderson) and August Sandberg, Sandburg's father's last name was originally "Danielson" or "Sturm". He could read but not write, and he accepted whatever spelling other people used. The young Carl, sister Mary, and brother Mart changed the spelling to "Sandburg" when in elementary school. both of Swedish ancestry. He adopted the nickname "Charles" or "Charlie" in elementary school at about the same time he and his two oldest siblings changed the spelling of their last name to "Sandburg".

At the age of thirteen, he left school and began driving a milk wagon. From the age of about fourteen until he was seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg. After that, he was on the milk route again for 18 months. He then became a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas. After an interval spent at Lombard College in Galesburg, he became a hotel servant in Denver, then a coal-heaver in Omaha. He began his writing career as a journalist for the '' Chicago Daily News''. Later, he wrote poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. Sandburg also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. He spent most of his life in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan before moving to North Carolina.

Sandburg volunteered to join the military during the Spanish–American War and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry, disembarking at Guánica, Puerto Rico, on July 25, 1898. Sandburg was never actually called to battle. He attended West Point for just two weeks before failing a mathematics and grammar exam. Sandburg returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College but left without a degree in 1903. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to work for a newspaper, and also joined the Wisconsin Social Democratic Party, the name by which the Socialist Party of America was known in the state. Sandburg served as a secretary to Emil Seidel, socialist mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. Carl Sandburg later remarked that Milwaukee was where he got his bearings and that the rest of his life had been "the unrolling of a scene that started up in Wisconsin".

Sandburg met Lilian Steichen (1883–1977) at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office in 1907, and they married the next year in Milwaukee. Lilian's brother was the photographer Edward Steichen. Sandburg with his wife, whom he called Paula, raised three daughters. Their first daughter, Margaret, was born in 1911. The Sandburgs moved to Harbert, Michigan, and then to suburban Chicago, Illinois in 1912 after he was offered a job by a Chicago newspaper. They lived in Evanston, Illinois, before settling at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois, from 1919 to 1930. During the time, Sandburg wrote ''Chicago Poems'' (1916), ''Cornhuskers'' (1918), and ''Smoke and Steel'' (1920). In 1919 Sandburg won a Pulitzer Prize "made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society" for his collection ''Cornhuskers''. Sandburg also wrote three children's books in Elmhurst: ''Rootabaga Stories'', in 1922, followed by ''Rootabaga Pigeons'' (1923), and ''Potato Face'' (1930). Sandburg also wrote ''Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years'', a two-volume biography, in 1926, '' The American Songbag'' (1927), and a book of poems called ''Good Morning, America'' (1928) in Elmhurst. The Sandburg house at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst was demolished and the site is now a parking lot. The family moved to Michigan in 1930.

Sandburg won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume '' The War Years'', the sequel to his ''Abraham Lincoln'', and a second Poetry Pulitzer in 1951 for ''Complete Poems''."Poetry"
The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 24, 2013.The Pulitzer Prize for Poetry was inaugurated in 1922 but the organization now considers the first winners to be three recipients of 1918 and 1919 special awards.

In 1945, he moved to Connemara, a rural estate in Flat Rock, North Carolina. Here, he produced a little over a third of his total published work and lived with his wife, daughters, and two grandchildren.

On February 12, 1959, in commemorations of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth, Congress met in joint session to hear actor Fredric March give a dramatic reading of the Gettysburg Address, followed by an address by Sandburg.

Sandburg supported the Civil Rights Movement and was the first white man to be honored by the NAACP with their Silver Plaque Award as a "major prophet of civil rights in our time."

Sandburg died of natural causes in 1967 and his body was cremated. The ashes were interred under "Remembrance Rock", a granite boulder located behind his birth house in Galesburg.His wife and two daughters would also be interred there. See the signage.

Career

Poetry and prose

Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as "Chicago", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the '' Chicago Daily News'' and '' The Day Book''. His most famous description of the city is as "Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders."

Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection ''The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg'', ''Corn Huskers'', and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln ('' Abraham Lincoln: The War Years''). Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his '' Rootabaga Stories'' and ''Rootabaga Pigeons'', a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. ''The Rootabaga Stories'' were born of Sandburg's desire for "American fairy tales" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the "Five Marvelous Pretzels".

In 1919, Sandburg was assigned by his editor at the ''Daily News'' to do a series of reports on the working classes and tensions among whites and African Americans. The impetus for these reports were race riots that had broken out in other American cities. Ultimately, major riots broke out in Chicago too, but much of Sandburg's writing on the issues before the riots caused him to be seen as having a prophetic voice. A visiting philanthropist, Joel Spingarn, who was also an official of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, read Sandburg's columns with interest and asked to publish them, as ''The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919''.

Lincoln works

Sandburg's popular multivolume biography ''Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years'', 2 vols. (1926) and ''Abraham Lincoln: The War Years'', 4 vols. (1939) are collectively "the best-selling, most widely read, and most influential book about Lincoln." The books have been through many editions, including a one-volume edition in 1954 prepared by Sandburg.

Sandburg's Lincoln scholarship had an enormous impact on the popular view of Lincoln. The books were adapted by Robert E. Sherwood for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, ''Abe Lincoln in Illinois'' (1938) and David Wolper's six-part dramatization for television, ''Sandburg's Lincoln'' (1974). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance – Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's '' Lincoln Portrait'' with the New York Philharmonic. Some historians suggest more Americans learned about Lincoln from Sandburg than from any other source.

The books garnered critical praise and attention for Sandburg, including the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume '' The War Years''. But Sandburg's works on Lincoln also received substantial criticism. William E. Barton, who had published a Lincoln biography in 1925, wrote that Sandburg's book "is not history, is not even biography" because of its lack of original research and uncritical use of evidence, but Barton nevertheless thought it was "real literature and a delightful and important contribution to the ever-lengthening shelf of really good books about Lincoln." Historian Milo Milton Quaife criticized Sandburg for not documenting his sources and questioned the accuracy of ''The Prairie Years'', noting they contain a number of factual errors. Others have complained ''The Prairie Years'' and ''The War Years'' contain too much material that is neither biography nor history, saying the books are instead "sentimental poeticizing" by Sandburg. Sandburg himself may have viewed his works more as an American epic than as a mere biography, a view also mirrored by other reviewers.

Folk music

Sandburg's 1927 anthology the '' American Songbag'' enjoyed enormous popularity, going through many editions; and Sandburg himself was perhaps the first American urban folk singer, accompanying himself on solo guitar at lectures and poetry recitals, and in recordings, long before the first or the second folk revival movements (of the 1940s and 1960s, respectively). According to the musicologist Judith Tick:

As a populist poet, Sandburg bestowed a powerful dignity on what the '20s called the "American scene" in a book he called a "ragbag of stripes and streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth ... rich with the diversity of the United States." Reviewed widely in journals ranging from the ''New Masses'' to ''Modern Music'', the ''American Songbag'' influenced a number of musicians. Pete Seeger, who calls it a "landmark", saw it "almost as soon as it came out." The composer Elie Siegmeister took it to Paris with him in 1927, and he and his wife Hannah "were always singing these songs. That was home. That was where we belonged."

Film

Sandburg said he considered working on D. W. Griffith's ''Intolerance'' (1916) but his first film work was when he signed on to work on the production of ''The Greatest Story Ever Told'' (1965) in July 1960 for a year, receiving an "in creative association with Carl Sandburg" credit on the film.

Legacy

Commemoration

Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife's ashes are buried. Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois. During the Spanish-American War, Sandburg was stationed at Camp Alger in Fairfax County, Virginia and so the county has both a Sandburg Road, near the spot where the camp was located, and a Carl Sandburg Middle School.

On January 6, 1978, the 100th anniversary of his birth, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sandburg. The spare design consists of a profile originally drawn by his friend William A. Smith in 1952, along with Sandburg's own distinctive autograph.

The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (RBML) houses the Carl Sandburg Papers. The bulk of the collection was purchased directly from Carl Sandburg and his family. In total, the RBML owns over 600 cubic feet of Sandburg's papers, including photographs, correspondence, and manuscripts.

In 2011, Sandburg was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.

Namesakes

Carl Sandburg Village was a 1960s urban renewal project in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership.

Numerous schools are named for Sandburg throughout the United States, and he was present at some of these schools' dedications. (Some years after attending the 1954 dedication of Carl Sandburg High School in Orland Park, Illinois, Sandburg returned for an unannounced visit; the school's principal at first mistook him for a hobo.) Sandburg Halls, a student residence hall at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, carries a plaque commemorating Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor.

Carl Sandburg Library opened in Livonia, Michigan, in 1961. The name was recommended by the Library Commission as an example of an American author representing the best of literature of the Midwest. Carl Sandburg had taught at the University of Michigan for a time.

Galesburg opened Sandburg Mall in 1975, named in honor of Sandburg. The Chicago Public Library installed the Carl Sandburg Award, annually awarded for contributions to literature.

Amtrak added the '' Carl Sandburg'' train in 2006 to supplement the '' Illinois Zephyr'' on the Chicago– Quincy route.
Carl Sandburg Middle School
in Alexandria, Virginia, part of Fairfax County Public Schools, was named in honor of Sandburg in 1985.

In other media

*William Saroyan wrote a short story about Sandburg in his 1971 book ''Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody''.
* Sandburg's "Sometime they'll give a war and nobody will come" from ''The People, Yes'' was a slogan of the German peace movement ("''Stell dir vor, es ist Krieg, und keiner geht hin''"); however, it is often falsely attributed to Bertolt Brecht.
* Daniel Steven Crafts' '' The Song and The Slogan'' is an orchestral composition built around recited passages from Sandburg's "Prairie".
* Peter Louis van Dijk's "Windy City Songs", based on the ''Chicago'' poems, was performed by the Chicago Children's Choir and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Choir in 2007.
* Bob Gibson's "The Courtship of Carl Sandburg", starring Tom Amandes as Sandburg
* In Jonathan Lethem's novel '' Dissident Gardens'' the main character Rose Zimmer became an Abraham Lincoln devotee after reading Sandburg's biography. Her copy of the six volumes became the centerpiece of her shrine to Lincoln.
* Sufjan Stevens's "Come on! Feel the Illinoise! Part I: The World's Columbian Exposition Part II: Carl Sandburg Visits Me in a Dream" (from ''Illinois'').
*Composer Phyllis Zimmerman set Sandburg's poems to music in her choral composition ''Fog'', which was recorded and produced on CD.

Bibliography

*''In Reckless Ecstasy'' (1904) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)
*''Incidentals'' (1904) (poetry and prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)
*''Plaint of a Rose'' (1908) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)
*'' Joseffy'' (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)
*''You and Your Job'' (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)
*''Chicago Poems'' (1916) (poetry)
*''Cornhuskers'' (1918) (poetry)
*''Chicago Race Riots'' (1919) (prose) (with an introduction by Walter Lippmann)
*''Clarence Darrow of Chicago'' (1919) (prose)
*''Smoke and Steel'' (1920) (poetry)
*'' Rootabaga Stories'' (1922) (children's stories)
*''Slabs of the Sunburnt West'' (1922) (poetry)
*''Rootabaga Pigeons'' (1923) (children's stories)
*''Selected Poems'' (1926) (poetry)
*'' Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years'' (1926) (biography)
*''The American Songbag'' (1927) (folk songs)
*''Songs of America'' (1927) (folk songs) (collected by Sandburg; edited by Alfred V. Frankenstein)
*''Abe Lincoln Grows Up'' (1928) (biography rimarily for children
*''Good Morning, America'' (1928) (poetry)
*''Steichen the Photographer'' (1929) (history)
*''Early Moon'' (1930) (poetry)
*''Potato Face'' (1930) (children's stories)
*''Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow'' (1932) (biography)
*'' The People, Yes'' (1936) (poetry)
*'' Abraham Lincoln: The War Years'' (1939) (biography)
*''Storm over the Land'' (1942) (biography) (excerpts from Sandburg's own '' Abraham Lincoln: The War Years'')
*''Road to Victory'' (1942) (exhibition catalog) (text by Sandburg; images compiled by Edward Steichen and published by the Museum of Modern Art)
*''Home Front Memo'' (1943) (essays)
*'' Remembrance Rock'' (1948) (novel)

*''Lincoln Collector: the story of the Oliver R. Barrett Lincoln collection'' (1949) (prose)
*''The New American Songbag'' (1950) (folk songs)
*''Complete Poems'' (1950) (poetry)
*''The Wedding Procession of the Rag Doll and the Broom Handle and Who Was In It'' (1950) (children's story)
*''Always the Young Strangers'' (1953) (autobiography)
*''Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years'' (1954) (illustrated one-volume edition)
*''Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg'' (1954) (poetry) (edited by Rebecca West)
*'' The Family of Man'' (1955) (exhibition catalog) (introduction; images compiled by Edward Steichen)
*''Prairie-Town Boy'' (1955) (autobiography) (essentially excerpts from ''Always the Young Strangers'')
*''Sandburg Range'' (1957) (prose and poetry)
*''Harvest Poems, 1910–1960'' (1960) (poetry)
*''Wind Song'' (1960) (poetry)
*'' The World of Carl Sandburg'' (1960) (stage production) (adapted and directed by Norman Corwin, dramatic readings by Bette Davis and Leif Erickson, singing and guitar by Clark Allen, with closing cameo by Sandburg himself)
*''Carl Sandburg at Gettysburg'' (1961) (documentary)
*''Honey and Salt'' (1963) (poetry)
*''The Letters of Carl Sandburg'' (1968) (autobiographical/correspondence) (edited by Herbert Mitgang)
*''Breathing Tokens'' (poetry by Sandburg, edited by Margaret Sandburg) (1978) (poetry)
*''Ever the Winds of Chance'' (1983) (autobiography) (started by Sandburg, completed by Margaret Sandburg and George Hendrick)
*''Carl Sandburg at the Movies: a poet in the silent era, 1920–1927'' (1985) (selections of his reviews of silent movies; collected and edited by Dale Fetherling and Doug Fetherling)
*''Billy Sunday and other poems'' (1993) (edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick)
*''Poems for Children Nowhere Near Old Enough to Vote'' (1999) (compiled and with an introduction by George and Willene Hendrick)
*''Poems for the People.'' (1999) 73 newfound poems from his early years in Chicago, edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick
*''Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years'' (2007) (illustrated edition with an introduction by Alan Axelrod)

See also

* Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site

References

Footnotes

Notes

Further reading

* Niven, Penelope. ''Carl Sandburg: A Biography''. New York: Scribner's, 1991.
* Sandburg, Carl. ''The Letters of Carl Sandburg''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
* Sandburg, Helga. ''A Great and Glorious Romance: The Story of Carl Sandburg and Lilian Steichen''. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.

External links

Carl Sandburg's birthplace
in Galesburg, IL (at sandburg.org)

Carl Sandburg Birthplace, Galesburg, IL
(at uncharted101.com)


from the National Park Service
*
*
*

The Day Carl Sandburg Died
PBS ''American Masters'' video

''Prayers for the People: Carl Sandburg's Poetry and Songs''
, a Nebraska Educational Telecommunications film, University of Nebraska (video, 1 hour)

Carl Sandburg databases
from the University of Illinois

Carl Sandburg
from the FBI website


*
*

Helga Sandburg
at LC Authorities, with 20 records

Carl Sandburg Home NHS images on Open Parks Network

''Without The Cain and The Derby'', a poem by Carl Sandburg: ''Vanity Fair'', May, 1922
*
*

Archival materials

Oliver Barrett-Carl Sandburg Papers
at Newberry Library
North Carolina Writers Photographs Collection
J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte
Sandburg Series in the Harry Golden papers
J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte
Guide to the Carl Sandburg and Ruth Falkenau Correspondence 1919-1930
at th
University of Chicago Special Collections Research CenterGuide to the Carl Sandburg-Joseph Halle Schaffner Collection 1927-1969
at th
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
* Sandburg-Page Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
Alan Jenkins (AC 1924) Carl Sandburg Collection
at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandburg, Carl
1878 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American novelists
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20th-century American biographers
American folk-song collectors
Historians from Illinois
American male novelists
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American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American people of Swedish descent
Caedmon Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Historians of the United States
House of Vasa
Industrial Workers of the World members
Lombard College alumni
Members of the Socialist Party of America
American democratic socialists
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
People from Galesburg, Illinois
Poets from North Carolina
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Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners
Writers from Chicago
Wisconsin State Federation of Labor people
Poets laureate of Illinois
20th-century American male writers
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People from Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina
Biographers of Abraham Lincoln
Poets from Illinois
American male biographers
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters