120px, View of the hold of a container ship
A ship's hold or cargo hold is a space for carrying
cargo
Cargo consists of bulk goods conveyed by water, air, or land. In economics, freight is cargo that is transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. ''Cargo'' was originally a shipload but now covers all types of freight, including trans ...
in the ship's
compartment
Compartment may refer to:
Biology
* Compartment (anatomy), a space of connective tissue between muscles
* Compartment (chemistry), in which different parts of the same protein serves different functions
* Compartment (development), fields of cells ...
.
Description
Cargo in holds may be either packaged in crates, bales, etc., or unpackaged (
bulk cargo
Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities.
Description
Bulk cargo refers to material in either liquid or granular, particulate form, as a mass of relatively small solids, such as petroleum/ crude oi ...
). Access to holds is by a large hatch at the top. Ships have had holds for centuries; an alternative way to carry cargo is in standardized
shipping containers
A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large reusable steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes. In the context of ...
, which may be loaded into appropriate holds or carried on deck.
Holds in older
ship
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished ...
s were below the
orlop deck
The orlop is the lowest deck in a ship (except for very old ships). It is the deck or part of a deck where the cables are stowed, usually below the water line.
According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', the word descends from Dutch
Dut ...
, the lower part of the interior of a ship's
hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
Some ships have built in
cranes and can load and unload their own cargo. Other ships must have
dock side cranes or
gantry crane
A gantry crane is a crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure used to straddle an object or workspace. They can range from enormous "full" gantry cranes, capable of lifting some of the heaviest loads in the world, to small shop cranes, us ...
s to load and unload.
Cargo hatch
![Capesize bulk carrier at Suez Canal Bridge](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG)
A cargo hatch or deck hatch or hatchway is type of
door
A door is a hinged or otherwise movable barrier that allows ingress (entry) into and egress (exit) from an enclosure. The created opening in the wall is a ''doorway'' or ''portal''. A door's essential and primary purpose is to provide security b ...
used on ships and boats to cover the opening to the cargo hold or other lower part of the ship. To make the cargo hold waterproof, most cargo holds have cargo hatch. This can be a waterproof door, like a
trap door
A trapdoor is a sliding or hinged door in a floor or ceiling. It is traditionally small in size. It was invented to facilitate the hoisting of grain up through mills, however, its list of uses has grown over time. The trapdoor has played a pivot ...
with hinges or a cover that is places on top of the cargo hold opening, covered and held down with a
tarp or a latching system. Cargo hatch can also be flexible and roll up on to a pole. A small cargo hatch to a small storage locker is called a
Lazarette
The lazarette (also spelled lazaret) of a boat is an area near or aft of the cockpit. The word is similar to and probably derived from lazaretto. A lazarette is usually a storage locker used for gear or equipment a sailor or boatswain would us ...
. Should a cargo hatch fail in a storm, the ship is at risk of sinking, such that has happened on
bulk carrier hatches. Some ships that sank due to cargo hatch failure:
MV Derbyshire
MV ''Derbyshire'' was a British ore-bulk-oil combination carrier built in 1976 by Swan Hunter, as the last in the series of the sextet. She was registered at Liverpool and owned by Bibby Line.
''Derbyshire'' was lost on 9 September 1980 durin ...
,
MV Christinaki
MV ''Christinaki'' was a Malta, Maltese bulk carrier which sank in the Atlantic Ocean south west of Ireland during a force 10 gale with a cargo of scrap metal and 27 crew while she was travelling from Liverpool, United Kingdom to Vera Cruz (city ...
,
Bark Marques,
SS Henry Steinbrenner,
SS El Faro,
SS Marine Electric, and the
SS Edmund Fitzgerald. Most cargo hatches have a
coaming
Coaming is any vertical surface on a ship designed to deflect or prevent entry of water. It usually consists of a raised section of deck plating around an opening, such as a cargo hatch. Coamings also provide a frame onto which to fit a hatch cov ...
, a raised edge around the hatch, to help keep out water.
The term batten down the hatches is used prepare the ship for bad weather. This may included securing cargo hatch covers with wooden
batten
A batten is most commonly a strip of solid material, historically wood but can also be of plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Battens are variously used in construction, sailing, and other fields.
In the lighting industry, battens refer to linea ...
s, to prevent water from entering from any angle. The term cargo hatch can also be a used for any deck opening leading to the cargo holds.
Aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines ...
and
spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, p ...
may also used the term for its cargo doors.
marineinsight.com Different Types And Designs of Hatch Covers Used For Ships, By Tanumoy Sinha, January 8, 2021
/ref>
:Basic types:»
* Lifting (up to remove)
* Rolling (rolls up on to a pole, trap type)
* Folding (fold up like paper or an accordion
Accordions (from 19th-century German ''Akkordeon'', from ''Akkord''—"musical chord, concord of sounds") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed ...
* Sliding (slides on to the deck or over the side of ship)
* Roll stowing (roll up on to a pole, plates)
Gallery
File:SS Stevens A-deck aft cargo hatch 6.jpg, A weathered cargo hatch cover on the SS Stevens
File:VIEW OF WHEELHOUSE FROM STARBOARD SIDE OF HATCH COAMING - Bugeye "Louise Travers", Intersection of Routes 2 and 4, Solomons, Calvert County, MD HAER MD,5-SOLOM,1-16.tif, Cargo hatch coaming (bottom right) on a bugeye
The bugeye is a type of sailboat developed in the Chesapeake Bay for oyster dredging. The predecessor of the skipjack, it was superseded by the latter as oyster harvests dropped.
Origins
Between 1820 and 1865, the state of Maryland banned th ...
File:JS FUZI(AGB-5001) Cargo hatch at Port of Nagoya 20150530.JPG, Cargo hatch of the ship ''Port of Nagoya''
File:Maya OBO carrier 2.jpg, A sliding Cargo hatch cover on the OBO-carrier ''Maya''
File:Containerladeräume Schiff retouched.jpg, The cargo holds of a container ship
File:StateLibQld 1 148179 Omega (ship).jpg, Deck hatch of the ''Omega'', the last square-rigged
Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal spars which are perpendicular, or square, to the keel of the vessel and to the masts. These spars are called ''yards'' and ...
sailing cargo ship
File:USS Henderson AP-1.jpg, USS Henderson (AP-1) at Panama Canal in 1933. With two open cargo hatches forward of the bridge.
File:Port Chicago disaster, pier diagram.jpg, Layout from above of the five cargo holds of a Liberty ship
Liberty ships were a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Though British in concept, the design was adopted by the United States for its simple, low-cost construction. Mass ...
and a Victory ship
The Victory ship was a class of cargo ship produced in large numbers by North American shipyards during World War II to replace losses caused by German submarines. They were a more modern design compared to the earlier Liberty ship, were slight ...
from Port Chicago disaster
The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly munitions explosion of the ship SS ''E. A. Bryan'' that occurred on July 17, 1944, at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California, United States. Munitions detonated while being loaded ...
.
File:Port Repair Ship diagram.jpg, Holds of U.S. Army Engineer Port Repair ship
The U.S. Army acquired ten ships during World War II as Engineer Port Repair Ships, also sometimes known as Port Rehabilitation ships, for use by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to clear war damaged harbors. The need was anticipated by 1942 for t ...
File:USSRankinCargoHold.jpg, The cargo hold of USS Rankin (AKA-103)
USS ''Rankin'' (AKA-103/LKA-103) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and again from 1952 to 1971. She was finally sunk as an artificial reef in 1988.
History
USS ''Rankin'' was named after Rankin County, Mississippi. ...
for Combat loading
Combat loading is a special type of unit loading of ships so that embarked forces will have immediately needed weapons, ammunition and supplies stowed in such a way that unloading of equipment will be concurrent with the force personnel and avail ...
File:Charles W. Morgan cargo hold.jpg, Wood cargo hold on the SS Charles W. Morgan at Mystic Seaport
Mystic Seaport Museum or Mystic Seaport: The Museum of America and the Sea in Mystic, Connecticut is the largest maritime museum in the United States. It is notable for its collection of sailing ships and boats and for the re-creation of the craf ...
File:Mini-bulker loading scrap iron.jpg, Loading scrap iron in to a cargo hold with sliding covers
File:Cargo hold in MAGDALENE VINNEN with crew men positioning wool bales, March 1933 (6958570450).jpg, Positioning wool bales in a hold in 1933 into the ''Magdalene Vinnen (1921)''
Image:Hatch covers on bulk carrier.jpg, The sliding hatch covers of ''Zaira.''
File:Bulk carrier midship section en.svg, Bulk carrier hold midship cross section view
File:Sabrina I cropped.jpg, ''Sabrina I'' with five large holds
File:Expositie Russische kunstschatten te Den Haag, Bestanddeelnr 919-4826.jpg, Cargo hold
File:Alberg 22 sailboat Due Point lazarette 2504.jpg, A lazarette
The lazarette (also spelled lazaret) of a boat is an area near or aft of the cockpit. The word is similar to and probably derived from lazaretto. A lazarette is usually a storage locker used for gear or equipment a sailor or boatswain would us ...
with a white cargo hatch cover
See also
*Plug door
A plug door is a door designed to seal itself by taking advantage of pressure difference on its two sides and is typically used on aircraft with cabin pressurization. The higher pressure on one side forces the usually wedge-shaped door into its ...
*Cargo aircraft
A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft usually do not incorporate passenger ...
*Edward Edgar Foden
Edward Edgar Foden (14 February 1913 – 8 June 1985) was a British marine engineering, marine engineer and inventor. He lived until his death in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He is credited with the invention of many devices for ships ...
Ships with Holds:
* Container ship
A container ship (also called boxship or spelled containership) is a cargo ship that carries all of its load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. Container ships are a common means of commercial intermodal ...
newer mode
* Liberty ship
Liberty ships were a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Though British in concept, the design was adopted by the United States for its simple, low-cost construction. Mass ...
* Thames sailing barge
A Thames sailing barge is a type of commercial sailing boat once common on the River Thames in London. The flat-bottomed barges with a shallow draught and leeboards, were perfectly adapted to the Thames Estuary, with its shallow waters and na ...
* Type C1 ship
Type C1 was a designation for small cargo ships built for the United States Maritime Commission before and during World War II. Total production was 493 ships built from 1940 to 1945. The first C1 types were the smallest of the three original M ...
* Type C2 ship
Type C2 ships were designed by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) in 1937–38. They were all-purpose cargo ships with five holds, and U.S. shipyards built 328 of them from 1939 to 1945. Compared to ships built before 1939, the C2s we ...
* Type C3 ship
Type C3-class ships were the third type of cargo ship designed by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) in the late 1930s. As it had done with the Type C1 ships and Type C2 ships, MARCOM circulated preliminary plans for comment. The desi ...
* Victory ship
The Victory ship was a class of cargo ship produced in large numbers by North American shipyards during World War II to replace losses caused by German submarines. They were a more modern design compared to the earlier Liberty ship, were slight ...
References
Notes
Sources
*Sawyer, L.A. and W.H. Mitchell. ''Victory ships and tankers: The history of the ‘Victory’ type cargo ships and of the tankers built in the United States of America during World War II'', Cornell Maritime Press, 1974, 0-87033-182-5.
*United States Maritime Commission
*Victory Cargo Ship
External links
''SS Jeremiah O'Brien'', Liberty museum ship moored at Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco, California
* ttp://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/116liberty_victory_ships/116liberty_victory_ships.htm Liberty Ships and Victory Ships, America's Lifeline in WarA lesson on Liberty ships and Victory ships from the National Park Service's Teaching with Historic Places.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hold (Ship)
Ship compartments
Shipping