''Careproctus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

snailfish The Liparidae, commonly known as snailfish or sea snails, are a Family (biology), family of Saltwater fish, marine Scorpaeniformes, scorpaeniform fishes. Widely distributed from the Arctic Ocean, Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the ocea ...

es found in

benthic The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "t ...

and benthopelagic habitats in the

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

, Pacific,

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...

and

Southern Ocean The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of , it is regarded as the second-small ...

s. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic waters) is unknown and might be an artifact of limited sampling. They range from shallow coastal seas in the far north of their range to the

abyssal zone The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. "Abyss" derives from the Greek word , meaning bottomless. At depths of , this zone remains in perpetual darkness. It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean a ...

, at depths of . In the Northern Hemisphere they mostly live shallower than ''

Paraliparis ''Paraliparis'' is a genus of fish in the family Liparidae, the snailfishes. It is found in benthic, benthopelagic and pelagic habitats in all the world's oceans. ''Paraliparis'' species have one pair of nostrils and lack a pseudobranch or ventr ...

'', but this pattern is reversed in the Southern Hemisphere. Although almost entirely restricted to very cold waters, a single species, ''C. hyaleius'', lives at

hydrothermal vent A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspot ...

s. Its generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek κάρα (''kara'', "face, head") and πρωκτός (''prōktos'', "

anus The anus (Latin, 'ring' or 'circle') is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to control the expulsion of feces, the residual semi-solid waste that remains after food digestion, which, d ...

"), therefore literally meaning "butt-face". ''Careproctus'' have one pair of nostrils and a ventral suction disc but lack a

pseudobranch The pseudobranch, also pseudobranchia is the reduced first gill arch of a fish (on the inner surface of the opercle, near the junction of the preopercle) as well as a reduced "false" gill in some gastropods. In teleost fish, the pseudobranchs are m ...

. They are tadpole-like in shape and reach up to in

standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. Overall length * Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish m ...

, but most species are far smaller. Like other snailfish, they lack scales and have a loose gelatinous skin; a few species are covered in prickly spines. Most species of ''Careproctus'' are poorly known, but they feed on small animals and some have unusual breeding behaviors: At least ''C. ovigerus'' appears to be a

mouth brooder Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation and buccal incubation, is the care given by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although mouthbrooding is performed by a va ...

where the eggs are carried and develop in the males' mouth. ''C. fulvus'' has a commensal relationship with glass sponges, laying their eggs in the paragastric cavity. Several other ''Careproctus'' species are parasitic on king crabs (at least ''

Lithodes ''Lithodes'' is a genus of king crabs. Today there are about 30 recognized species, but others formerly included in this genus have been moved to '' Neolithodes'' and '' Paralomis''. They are found in oceans around the world, ranging from shallow ...

'', ''

Neolithodes ''Neolithodes'' is a genus of king crabs, in the family Lithodidae. They are found in all major oceans, both in high and low latitudes. Although there are records from water as shallow as in cold regions, most records are much deeper, typically ...

'' and '' Paralithodes'', and likely '' Lopholithodes''), laying their egg mass in the

gill A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...

chamber of the crab, forming a well-protected and well-aerated mobile "home" until they hatch. As far as known, these parasitic ''Careproctus'' are not host specific, but will use various king crab species, and on occasion an individual king crab may even carry the eggs of more than one ''Careproctus'' species at the same time. Additionally, small ''Careproctus''—no more than long—have been seen together with ''Lithodes'' and ''

Paralomis ''Paralomis'' is a genus of king crabs. It includes the following species: *''Paralomis aculeata'' Henderson, 1888 *''Paralomis africana'' Macpherson, 1982 *'' Paralomis alcockiana'' Hall & Thatje, 2009 *'' Paralomis anamerae'' Macpherson, 1988 ...

'' king crabs, hitching rides by attaching themselves to the crab's legs or back. In contrast, a ''C. reinhardti'' ( species complex) in an aquarium deposited its eggs on the glass, but whether this resembles its wild behavior is unknown.

Species

There are currently about 125 recognized species in this genus, but

new species A species description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper. Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have be ...

are regularly described and it is likely to actually contain more than 140. It formerly also included the species now separated in the genus '' Volodichthys''. * '' Careproctus abbreviatus''

Burke Burke is an Anglo-Norman Irish surname, deriving from the ancient Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman noble dynasty, the House of Burgh. In Ireland, the descendants of William de Burgh (–1206) had the surname ''de Burgh'' which was gaelicised ...

, 1930 * ''

Careproctus acaecus ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic wat ...

'' Andriashev, 1991 (appendage-less snailfish) * '' Careproctus acanthodes'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 (toge snailfish) * '' Careproctus aciculipunctatus'' Andriashev & Chernova, 1997 (finely-speckled snailfish) * '' Careproctus acifer'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus aculeolatus'' Andriashev, 1991 (small-spine snailfish) * '' Careproctus albescens''

Barnard Barnard is a version of the surname Bernard, which is a French and West Germanic masculine given name and surname. The surname means as tough as a bear, Bar(Bear)+nard/hard(hardy/tough) __NOTOC__ People Some of the people bearing the surname Ba ...

, 1927 *'' Careproctus ambustus'' * '' Careproctus ampliceps'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus armatus'' Andriashev, 1991 * '' Careproctus atakamensis'' Andriashev, 1998 * '' Careproctus atrans'' Andriashev, 1991 (black snailfish) * '' Careproctus attenuatus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus aureomarginatus'' Andriashev, 1991 (marginate snailfish) * '' Careproctus bathycoetus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus batialis'' Popov, 1933 * '' Careproctus bowersianus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus cactiformis'' Andriashev, 1990 * '' Careproctus canus''

Kido Kido or KIDO may refer to: * Kido (surname) * KIDO, an American radio station * Kidō, a form of magic used by characters in the manga and anime ''Bleach'' * Conficker or Kido, computer worm * Gao Hanyu Gao Hanyu (; born 6 February 1989), als ...

, 1985 * '' Careproctus carinatus'' Chernova, 2014 (keel-belly snailfish)Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus ''Careproctus'' (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea and identification key for congeners of the North Atlantic and Arctic. ''Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (10): 757-780.'' * '' Careproctus colletti'' C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (Alaska snailfish) * '' Careproctus comus'' J. W. Orr & Maslenikov, 2007 (comic snailfish) * '' Careproctus continentalis'' Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990 * '' Careproctus credispinulosus'' Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990 * '' Careproctus crozetensis'' Duhamel & N. J. King, 2007 * '' Careproctus curilanus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus cyclocephalus''

, 1983 * '' Careproctus cypseluroides'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 * '' Careproctus cypselurus'' ( D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1898) * '' Careproctus derjugini'' Chernova, 2005 (Derjugin's snailfish) * '' Careproctus discoveryae'' Duhamel & N. J. King, 2007 * '' Careproctus dubius'' Zugmayer, 1911 (doubtful snailfish) * '' Careproctus ectenes'' C. H. Gilbert, 1896 * '' Careproctus eltaninae'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus falklandica'' ( Lönnberg, 1905) * '' Careproctus faunus'' J. W. Orr & Maslenikov, 2007 (mischievous snailfish) * '' Careproctus fedorovi'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus filamentosus'' Stein, 1978 * '' Careproctus fulvus'' Chernova, 2014 (fulvous snailfish)Chernova, N.V. (2014): New species of the genus ''Careproctus'' (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae). ''Journal of Ichthyology, 54 (8): 501-512.'' * '' Careproctus furcellus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus georgianus'' Lönnberg, 1905 * '' Careproctus gilberti''

, 1912 (small-disk snailfish) * '' Careproctus griseldea'' Lloris, 1982 * ''

Careproctus guillemi ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic wat ...

'' Matallanas, 1998 * '' Careproctus homopterus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus hyaleius'' Geistdoerfer, 1994 * '' Careproctus improvisus'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus inflexidens'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * ''

Careproctus kamikawai ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic waters ...

'' J. W. Orr, 2012 (arbiter snailfish)Orr, J.W. (2012): Two New Species of Snailfishes of the Genus ''Careproctus'' (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Bering Sea and Eastern North Pacific Ocean, with a Redescription of ''Careproctus ovigerus''. ''Copeia, 2012 (2): 257-265.'' * '' Careproctus karaensis'' Chernova, 2014 (Kara snailfish) * '' Careproctus kidoi'' Knudsen & Møller, 2008 (Kido's snailfish) * '' Careproctus knipowitschi'' Chernova, 2005 (Knipowitsch's snailfish) * ''

Careproctus lacmi ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic wat ...

'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus latiosus'' Andriashev & Chernova, 2011 (broad-mouth snailfish) * '' Careproctus leptorhinus'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus lerikimae'' J. W. Orr, Y. Kai & Nakabo, 2015 (dusty snailfish) * '' Careproctus longifilis''

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pla ...

, 1892 * '' Careproctus longipectoralis'' Duhamel, 1992 * '' Careproctus longipinnis''

, 1912 (long-feather snailfish) * ''

Careproctus lycopersicus ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic waters ...

'' J. W. Orr, 2012 * '' Careproctus macranchus'' Andriashev, 1991 * '' Careproctus macrodiscus'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 * '' Careproctus macrophthalmus'' Chernova, 2005 (big-eye snailfish) * '' Careproctus maculosus'' Stein, 2006 * '' Careproctus magellanicus'' Matallanas &

Pequeño ''Pequeño'' is the second album of the solo artist Enrique Bunbury made in 1999. Something different of anything done before by Bunbury, his dream to re-invent himself was accomplished. Track listing #Algo en común (Something in common) #Infin ...

, 2000 * '' Careproctus marginatus''

, 1988 * '' Careproctus mederi'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1916 * '' Careproctus melanuroides'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 * '' Careproctus melanurus'' C. H. Gilbert, 1892 (black-tail snailfish) * '' Careproctus merretti'' Andriashev & Chernova, 1988 (Merret's snailfish) * '' Careproctus mica'' Chernova, 2014 (babbie snailfish) * '' Careproctus micropus'' ( Günther, 1887) (small-eye snailfish) * '' Careproctus microstomus'' Stein, 1978 * '' Careproctus minimus'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus mollis'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * ''

Careproctus moskalevi ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic wat ...

'' Andriashev & Chernova, 2012 (Moskalev's snailfish) * '' Careproctus narilobus'' Stein, 2012Stein, D.L. (2012): A Review of the Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species. ''Zootaxa, 3588: 1–54.'' * '' Careproctus nigricans'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 * '' Careproctus notosaikaiensis'' Y. Kai, Ikeguchi & Nakabo, 2011 * '' Careproctus novaezelandiae'' Andriashev, 1990 * '' Careproctus opisthotremus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus oregonensis'' Stein, 1978 (small-fin snailfish) * '' Careproctus ostentum'' C. H. Gilbert, 1896 * ''

Careproctus ovigerus ''Careproctus ovigerus'', commonly known as the abyssal snailfish, is a species of snailfish found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. It is found at depths of off northern British Columbia and off Washington state. Description Like other member ...

'' ( C. H. Gilbert, 1896) (abyssal snailfish) * '' Careproctus pallidus'' ( Vaillant, 1888) * '' Careproctus parvidiscus'' Imamura & Nobetsu, 2002 * '' Careproctus parviporatus'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus patagonicus'' Matallanas &

, 2000 * '' Careproctus paxtoni'' Stein, Chernova & Andriashev, 2001 (blunt-tooth snailfish) * '' Careproctus pellucicauda'' Stein, 2012 * '' Careproctus pellucidus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 (pellucid snailfish) * '' Careproctus phasma'' C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (spectral snailfish) * '' Careproctus polarsterni'' Duhamel, 1992 * '' Careproctus profundicola'' Duhamel, 1992 * '' Careproctus pseudoprofundicola'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus pycnosoma'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus ranula'' (

Goode Goode ( or , depending on family) is a surname. Notable people Notable people with the surname include: * Alex Goode (Born 1988), British rugby union player * Alexander D. Goode (1911-1943), US Army chaplain * Andy Goode (born 1980), British ru ...

& T. H. Bean, 1879) (froggy snailfish) * '' Careproctus rastrinoides'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 * '' Careproctus rastrinus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 (salmon snailfish) * '' Careproctus rausuensis'' Machi, Nobetsu &

Yabe was a village located in Yame District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Yabe is located at 330m above sea level. The average temperature is 14 °C and the average annual precipitation is 2,706mm. As of 2006, the village had an estimated popula ...

, 2012Machi, K., Nobetsu, T. & Yabe, M. (2012): ''Careproctus rausuensis'', a New Liparid Fish (Percomorphacea: Cottiformes), Collected from Hokkaido, Japan. ''Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science, Ser. A., Supplement No. 6: 33–40.'' * '' Careproctus reinhardti'' ( Krøyer, 1862) (sea tadpole) * '' Careproctus rhodomelas'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus rimiventris'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus rosa'' Chernova, 2014 (rose snailfish) * '' Careproctus roseofuscus'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 (round snailfish) * '' Careproctus rotundifrons'' H. Sakurai & Shinohara, 2008 * '' Careproctus sandwichensis'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus scaphopterus'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus scottae'' W. M. Chapman & DeLacy, 1934 (peach-skin snailfish) * '' Careproctus segaliensis'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus seraphimae'' P. Y. Schmidt, 1950 *'' Careproctus shigemii'' * '' Careproctus simus'' C. H. Gilbert, 1896 * ''

Careproctus sinensis ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Subantarctic wat ...

'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 * '' Careproctus solidus'' Chernova, 1999 (firm-body snailfish) * '' Careproctus spectrum'' T. H. Bean, 1890 (stippled snailfish) * '' Careproctus steini'' Andriashev & Prirodina, 1990 * '' Careproctus stigmatogenus'' Stein, 2006 * '' Careproctus tapirus'' Chernova, 2005 (tapir snailfish) * '' Careproctus telescopus'' Chernova, 2005 (telescope snailfish) * '' Careproctus trachysoma'' C. H. Gilbert &

, 1912 (rough snailfish) * '' Careproctus tricapitidens'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus uter'' Chernova, 2014 (drop-shaped snailfish) * '' Careproctus vladibeckeri'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998 * '' Careproctus zachirus''

, 1985 * '' Careproctus zispi'' Andriashev & Stein, 1998

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q146193 Liparidae Marine fish genera Taxa named by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer