Cardiopteridaceae is a

eudicot The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicot ...

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s. It consists of about 43

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s, and woody

vine A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themselv ...

s, mostly of the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

, but with a few in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

regions.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . It contains six

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

, the largest of which is '' Citronella'', with 21 species. The other genera are much smaller.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ''

Citronella mucronata ''Citronella mucronata'', the huillipatagua () or Chilean citronella tree, is an evergreen tree native to Chile, it occurs from 30 to 41° South latitude. In Chile, the tree grows from 500 to 2000 meters above sea-level in low altitude interio ...

'' is grown as an ornamental for its attractively shiny leaves and fragrant flowers.

Anthony Huxley Anthony Julian Huxley (2 December 1920 – 26 December 1992) was a British botanist. He edited '' Amateur Gardening'' from 1967 to 1971, and was vice-president of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1991. He was the son of Julian Huxley. He was ...

, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). A

tea Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of '' Camellia sinensis'', an evergreen shrub native to East Asia which probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern China and northe ...

is made from the leaves of ''

Citronella gongonha Citronella may refer to: * ''Cymbopogon'', lemongrass, or citronella grass ** Citronella oil, insect-repelling essential oil * ''Citronella'' (genus), of trees and shrubs * "Citronella", a song by Aesop Rock from the 2007 album ''None Shall ...

'' which is similar to

yerba maté Yerba mate or yerba-maté (''Ilex paraguariensis''; from Spanish ; pt, erva-mate, or ; gn, ka'a, ) is a plant species of the holly genus '' Ilex'' native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire. The leav ...

. The APG III classification (2009) places them in the order

Aquifoliales The Aquifoliales are an order of flowering plants, including the Aquifoliaceae (holly) family, and also the Helwingiaceae (2-5 species of temperate Asian shrubs) and the Phyllonomaceae (4 species of Central American trees and shrubs). In 2001, th ...

. This order consists of Cardiopteridaceae, its

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...

family,

Stemonuraceae Stemonuraceae is a eudicot family of flowering plants. Genera This listing was sourced from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew * ''Cantleya'' * '' Codiocarpus'' * '' Discophora'' * '' Gastrolepis'' * '' Gomphandr ...

, and the three

monogeneric In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

families

Phyllonomaceae ''Phyllonoma'' is a genus consisting of 4 species of trees and shrubs. ''Phyllonoma'' is the sole genus in the family Phyllonomaceae (an alternative name for the family is Dulongiaceae). ''Phyllonoma'' species are native to South and Central Amer ...

Helwingiaceae The genus ''Helwingia'' consists of shrubs or rarely small trees native to eastern Asia, the Himalayas, and northern Indochina. It is the only genus in the family Helwingiaceae. Description The plants have alternate, evergreen or deciduous leave ...

, and

Aquifoliaceae ''Ilex'' (), or holly, is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen o ...

.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Aquifoliales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)

The family name

The family Cardiopteridaceae was established by

Carl Ludwig Blume Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume (9 June 1796, Braunschweig – 3 February 1862, Leiden) was a German-Dutch botanist. He was born at Braunschweig in Germany, but studied at Leiden University and spent his professional life wor ...

in 1847 James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below). when he described the species ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.Carl Ludwig Blume. 1847. ''Rumphia'' 3:205. Blume based his new family on ''Cardiopteris'', a

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal ...

that had previously been used by John RoyleJohn Forbes Royle. 1839. "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains":136. William H. Allen & Co.: London, England. (see ''External links'' below). and

Nathaniel Wallich Nathaniel Wolff Wallich FRS FRSE (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a surgeon and botanist of Danish origin who worked in India, initially in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the Danish East India Company and the British ...

,Nathaniel Wallich. ''Numerical list of dried specimens of plants in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company / which have been supplied by Dr. Wallich, superintendent of the botanic garden at Calcutta''. number 8033. (publisher not named). London, 1828-1849. (see ''External links'' below). but not validly published.Reinier C. Bakhuizen van den Brink and Cornelis G.G.J. van Steenis. 1962. "Cardiopteris or Peripterygium?" ''Taxon'' 11(1):28-29. In 1843, Justus Hasskarl had published the name ''Peripterygium quinqueloba'' for what is now ''Cardiopteris quinqueloba''.Justus Hasskarl. 1843. page 142. In: "Annotationes de plantis quibusdam Javanicis nonnullisque Japonicis, e Catalogo Horti Bogoriensis. Accedunt nonnullae novae species". ''Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie'' 10:115-150. (see ''External links'' below). Blume indicated his awareness of Hasskarl's plant and included it as another species of ''Cardiopteris'' when he published ''Cardiopteris moluccana''.Hermann Otto Sleumer. 1972. "Cardiopteridaceae" In: ''Flora Malesiana, series 1'' 7(1):93-96. A complex

nomenclatural Nomenclature (, ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal conventions of everyday speech to the internationally ag ...

dispute ensued and lasted well into the twentieth century.Arthur A. Bullock. 1957. "Nomenclatural Notes.-II. Cardiopteridaceae". ''Kew Bulletin'' 12(2):356. (see ''External links'' below). Because the

basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...

, ''Cardiopteris'', was in question, the corresponding family name Cardiopteridaceae was in question as well. The

ICBN The ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "trad ...

finally conserved the name ''Cardiopteris'' against ''Peripterygium''.

Circumscription

Prior to the seminal study by Kårehed in 2001, Cardiopteridaceae had consisted of only ''Cardiopteris''. For example,

Hermann Sleumer Hermann Otto Sleumer (February 21, 1906 in Saarbrücken – October 1, 1993 in Oegstgeest) was a Dutch botanist of German birth. The plant genera ''Sleumerodendron'' Virot (Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family of flowering plants predomina ...

considered it to be monogeneric in his treatment of the family for

Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (1887–1915) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) and Karl Anton Prantl is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the Engler system of plant tax ...

in 1942.Hermann Sleumer. 1942. "Icacinaceae" pages 322-396. In: H.G. Adolf Engler and Karl A.E. Prantl, with Hermann Harms and Johannes Mattfeld (editors). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume 20b. Duncker and Humblot: Berlin, Germany. 1960 reprint of 1942 publication. John Hutchinson did likewise in 1973.John Hutchinson ''The Families of Flowering Plants'' 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press. In 2001, Icacinaceae was shown to be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

.Jesper Kårehed. 2001. "Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 88(12):2259-2274. It has since been divided into five segregate families: Cardiopteridaceae,

Pennantiaceae ''Pennantia'' is the sole genus in the plant family Pennantiaceae. In older classifications, it was placed in the family Icacinaceae. Most authorities have recognised three or four species, depending on whether they recognised ''Pennantia baylis ...

Metteniusaceae Metteniusaceae are a family of flowering plants, the only family in the order Metteniusales. It consists of about 10 genera and 50 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas, primarily of the tropics. The family was formerly restricted to just ''Metten ...

, and

Icacinaceae The Icacinaceae, also called the white pear family, are a family of flowering plants,"Icacinaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website (see ''External links'' below). consisting of trees, shrubs, and lianas, pri ...

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

. Icacinaceae sensu stricto will eventually be divided further.Frederic Lens, Jesper Kårehed, Pieter Baas, Steven Jansen, David Rabaey, Suzy Huysmans, Thomas Hamann and Erik Smets. 2008. "The wood anatomy of the polyphyletic Icacinaceae s.l., and their relationships within asterids". ''Taxon'' 57(2):525-552. In the 2001 study of Icacinaceae, Kårehed transferred ''Citronella, Gonocaryum,'' and ''Leptaulus'' from Icacinaceae to Cardiopteridaceae. He also provisionally placed ''Metteniusa, Dendrobangia,'' and ''Pseudobotrys'' there as well, until further studies could give some firm indication of their true relationships. In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study showed that ''Metteniusa'' belongs to a group of

asterids In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total floweri ...

known as the

lamiids In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total floweri ...

.Favio González, Julio Betancur, Olivier Maurin, John V. Freudenstein, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Metteniusaceae, an early-diverging family in the lamiid clade". ''Taxon'' 56(3):795-800. The order Aquifoliales, which includes Cardiopteridaceae, belongs to another asterid group called

campanulids In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total floweri ...

.Richard C. Winkworth, Johannes Lundberg, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". ''Taxon'' 57(1):53-65. The inclusion of ''

Pseudobotrys ''Pseudobotrys'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the Family (biology), family Cardiopteridaceae described as a genus in 1912. The entire genus is endemic to New Guinea. ;Species # ''Pseudobotrys cauliflora'' (Pulle) Sleumer 1940 # ''Pseudobot ...

'' in Cardiopteridaceae remains doubtful. DNA sequences submitted to GenBank in 2009 indicate that ''

Dendrobangia ''Dendrobangia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Metteniusaceae.Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)"Metteniusaceae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''. Retrieved 2016-06-09. It was formerly placed in the family Cardiopteridaceae. It was descr ...

'' does not belong in Cardiopteridaceae and is more closely related to genera like Apodytes. Cardiopteridaceae,

sensu ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

Kårehed, is rather diverse in spite of having only six genera. Because of the distinctive

structure A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as ...

of ''Cardiopteris'', some authors today, continue to put ''Cardiopteris'' in a family by itself.Timothy M.A. Utteridge and Richard K. Brummitt. 2007. "Leptaulaceae" pages 191-192. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . The other five genera are then placed in Leptaulaceae, a family created by Philippe van Tieghem in 1897.Philippe E.L. van Tieghem. 1897. ''Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences'' 124:842. The

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic grou ...

of Leptaulaceae has never been tested by

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analysis of

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

The family name

Circumscription

References

External links