Cardinalfishes are a family, Apogonidae, of
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...
es found in the
Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...
,
Indian
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Peoples South Asia
* Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor
** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country
* South Asia ...
, and
Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...
Oceans; they are chiefly marine, but some
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
are found in
brackish water
Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estua ...
and a few (notably ''
Glossamia
''Glossamia'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Apogonidae. The majority of the species are endemic to New Guinea, but ''G. aprion'' is also found in Australia.
Species
The 11 recognized species in this genus are:Mabuchi, K., Fraser, ...
'') are found in fresh water. A handful of species are kept in the
aquarium
An aquarium (plural: ''aquariums'' or ''aquaria'') is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aq ...
and are popular as small, peaceful, and colourful fish. The family includes about 370 species.
They are generally small fish, with most species being less than , and are often brightly coloured. They are distinguished by their large mouths, and the division of the
dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through conv ...
into two separate fins. Most species live in
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
or
subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...
waters, where they inhabit
coral reef
A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.
Co ...
s and
lagoon
A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform, such as reefs, barrier islands, barrier peninsulas, or isthmuses. Lagoons are commonly divided into ''coastal lagoons'' (or ''barrier lagoons'') a ...
s.
They are
nocturnal
Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite.
Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...
, spending the day in dark crevices within the reef. At least some species
brood
Brood may refer to:
Nature
* Brood, a collective term for offspring
* Brooding, the incubation of bird eggs by their parents
* Bee brood, the young of a beehive
* Individual broods of North American Periodical Cicadas:
** Brood X, the largest bro ...
their
eggs
Humans and human ancestors have scavenged and eaten animal eggs for millions of years. Humans in Southeast Asia had domesticated chickens and harvested their eggs for food by 1,500 BCE. The most widely consumed eggs are those of fowl, especial ...
inside the mouths of the males.
[ Males do not feed during this incubation period. Males incubate the eggs in their mouth due to having longer heads and a larger jaw, which females do not acquire.][Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426-2432.]
Classification
The fifth edition of ''Fishes of the World
''Fishes of the World'' by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011) is a standard reference for fish systematics. Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of the diversity and classification of the ...
'' recognises only two subfamilies
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of the Apogonidae:
* Apogoninae
The Apogoninae are the most species-rich and, of its shape, size, color and habitat, most diverse subfamily of cardinalfishes (Apogonidae). It can be found in coastal tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian Ocean, the eastern Pacific and ...
** ''Amioides
''Amioides polyacanthus'' is a species of fish in the family Apogonidae, the cardinalfishes. It is endemic to the marine waters around the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippin ...
'' H.M. Smith & Radcliffe
Radcliffe or Radcliff may refer to:
Places
* Radcliffe Line, a border between India and Pakistan
United Kingdom
* Radcliffe, Greater Manchester
** Radcliffe Tower, the remains of a medieval manor house in the town
** Radcliffe tram stop
* ...
, 1912
** ''Apogon
''Apogon'' is a large genus of fish in the family ''Apogonidae'', the cardinalfishes. They are among the most common fish on coral reefs. Over 200 species have been classified in genus ''Apogon'' as members of several subgenera. Some of these sub ...
'' Lacépède, 1801
** ''Apogonichthyoides
''Apogonichthyoides'' is a genus of fish in the family Apogonidae, the cardinalfishes. They are native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.
This genus was separated from ''Apogon'' in 2010. These species are light brown to brownish ...
'' J.L.B. Smith
James Leonard Brierley Smith (26 September 1897 – 8 January 1968) was a South African ichthyologist, organic chemist, and university professor. He was the first to identify a taxidermied fish as a coelacanth, at the time thought to be long e ...
, 1949
** ''Apogonichthys
''Apogonichthys'' is a genus of cardinalfishes native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:
* '' Apogonichthys landoni'' Herre, 1934
* '' Apogonichthys ocellatus'' ( M. C. W. We ...
'' Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Archamia
''Archamia bleekeri'', also known as Gon's cardinalfish, is a species of fish in the family Apogonidae, the cardinalfishes. It is native to the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean from Africa to Indonesia and from T ...
'' T.N. Gill, 1863
** '' Astrapogon'' Fowler, 1907
** '' Cercamia'' J. E. Randall & C. L. Smith, 1988
** '' Cheilodipterus'' Lacépède, 1801
** '' Fibramia'' T. H. Fraser & Mabuchi, 2014 [Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014)]
Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters.
''Zootaxa, 3846 (2): 151–203.''
** ''Foa
Foa may refer to:
People
* Arnoldo Foà (1916–2014), Italian film actor
* Barrett Foa (born 1977), American actor
* Edna B. Foa (born 1937), Israeli psychologist
* Emanuele Foà (1892–1949), Italian engineer
* Eugénie Foa (1796–1852), ...
'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905
** '' Fowleria'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1905
** ''Glossamia
''Glossamia'' is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Apogonidae. The majority of the species are endemic to New Guinea, but ''G. aprion'' is also found in Australia.
Species
The 11 recognized species in this genus are:Mabuchi, K., Fraser, ...
'' T.N. Gill, 1863
** '' Holapogon'' T. H. Fraser, 1973
** '' Jaydia'' J. L. B. Smith, 1961
** '' Lachneratus'' T. H. Fraser & Struhsaker, 1991
** '' Lepidamia'' T. N. Gill, 1863
** '' Neamia'' H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1912
** '' Nectamia'' D. S. Jordan, 1917
** '' Ostorhinchus'' Lacépède, 1802
** '' Paroncheilus'' J. L. B. Smith, 1964
** '' Phaeoptyx'' T. H. Fraser & C. R. Robins, 1970
** ''Pristiapogon
''Pristiapogon'' is a genus of cardinalfishes native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. & Nishida, M. (2014)Revision of the systematics of the cardin ...
'' Klunzinger, 1870
** '' Pristicon'' T. H. Fraser, 1972
** ''Pterapogon
The Banggai cardinalfish (''Pterapogon kauderni'') is a small tropical cardinalfish in the family Apogonidae. It is the only member of its genus. This attractive fish is popular in the aquarium trade. It is among the relatively few marine fish ...
'' Koumans, 1933
** '' Rhabdamia'' M. C. W. Weber, 1909
** '' Siphamia'' M. C. W. Weber, 1909
** ''Sphaeramia
''Sphaeramia'' is a genus of the Apogonidae (cardinalfishes). They are marine fish that live in shallow tropical reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans
Species
The recognized species in this genus are:Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T.H., Song, H., Azuma, ...
'' Fowler & B. A. Bean, 1930
** '' Taeniamia'' T. H. Fraser, 2013
** '' Verulux'' T. H. Fraser, 1972
** '' Vincentia'' Castelnau, 1872
** '' Yarica'' Whitley 1930
** '' Zapogon'' T. H. Fraser, 1972
** '' Zoramia'' D. S. Jordan, 1917
*Pseudaminae
The Pseudaminae is a subfamily of ray-finned fishes, one of two subfamilies of the family Apogonidae, the cardinalfishes. They are characterised by having large caniform teeth which are placed on the on dentary and premaxillae, by having the later ...
** '' Gymnapogon'' Regan
The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ''ri'' ...
, 1905
** '' Paxton'' C. C. Baldwin
Christopher Columbus Baldwin (May 18, 1830 – May 12, 1897) was the Naval Officer of the Port of New York from 1894 to 1897 who was prominent in New York Society during the Gilded Age.
Early life
Baldwin was born in 1834 at his family's estate, ...
& G. D. Johnson, 1999
** '' Pseudamia'' Bleeker, 1865
** '' Pseudamiops'' J. L. B. Smith, 1954
Timeline
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from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleocene
The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
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from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
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color:eocene bar:NAM1 from: -55.8 till: 0 text: Apogon
''Apogon'' is a large genus of fish in the family ''Apogonidae'', the cardinalfishes. They are among the most common fish on coral reefs. Over 200 species have been classified in genus ''Apogon'' as members of several subgenera. Some of these sub ...
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from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleocene
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocene
The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the ...
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocene
The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Plio.
from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H.
bar:era
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene
The Paleogene ( ; British English, also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period, geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million yea ...
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene
The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.
References
External links
* Smith, J.L.B. (1961)
"Fishes of the family Apogonidae of the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea". ''Ichthyological Bulletin''; No. 22
Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
* Hoey, A., Bellwood, D., & Barnett, A. (2012). To feed or to breed: Morphological constraints of mouthbrooding in coral reef cardinalfishes. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2426-2432.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q728422
Kurtiformes
Marine fish families
Taxa named by Albert Günther