Cardinal Flower

''Lobelia cardinalis'', the cardinal flower (syn. ''L. fulgens''), is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae native to the Americas, from southeastern Canada south through the eastern and southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America to northern Colombia.

Description

It is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows up to tall and is found in wet places, streambanks, and swamps. The leaves are up to long and broad, lanceolate to oval, with a toothed margin. The flowers are usually vibrant red, deeply five-lobed, up to 4 cm across; they are produced in an erect raceme up to tall during the summer to fall. Forms with white (f. ''alba'') and pink (f. ''rosea'') flowers are also known.Missouriplants
''Lobelia cardinalis''
/ref> It grows along streams, springs, swamps, and in low wooded areas.

''Lobelia cardinalis'' is related to two other ''Lobelia'' species in to the Eastern United States, '' Lobelia inflata'' (Indian tobacco) and '' Lobelia siphilitica'' (great lobelia); all display the characteristic "lip" petal near the opening of the flower and the "milky" liquid the plant excretes. ''L. siphilitica'' has blue flowers and is primarily pollinated by bees, whereas ''L. cardinalis'' is red and is primarily pollinated by the ruby-throated hummingbird ('' Archilochus colubris'').

Etymology

It was introduced to Europe in the mid-1620s, where the name ''cardinal flower'' was in use by 1629, likely due to the similarity of the flower's color to the vesture of Roman Catholic Cardinals.

Cultivation

In cultivation ''L. cardinalis'' requires rich, deep soil which remains reliably moist year-round. The cultivar 'Queen Victoria' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

This plant is easily propagated by seed and dividing out the young plants which form around the older mature plants each year. Although the plant is generally considered a perennial, they may be short lived. They prefer moist soils in part shade.

Medicinal and other uses

The Zuni people use this plant as an ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used it externally for rheumatism and swelling. The Penobscot people smoked the dried leaves as a substitute for tobacco. It may also have been chewed.Guédon, Marie-Françoise. ''Sacred Smudging in North America'', Walkabout Press 2000

Toxicity

As a member of the genus '' Lobelia'', it is considered to be potentially toxic.Foster, Steven and James A. Duke. ''Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants''. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton, Mifflin 1990 edn. Symptoms of ingestion of large quantities include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, exhaustion and weakness, dilation of pupils, convulsions, and coma. The plant contains a number of toxic alkaloids including lobelamine and lobeline.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1396837

cardinalis
Flora of North America
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Flora of Colombia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus